Biosorption and Biovolatilization of Arsenic by Heat-Resistant Fungi (5 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background

The aim of this work is to show the ability of several fungal species, isolated from arsenic polluted soils, to biosorb and volatilize arsenic from a liquid medium under laboratory conditions. Mechanisms of biosorption and biovolatilization play an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of arsenic in the environment. The quantification of production of volatile arsenicals is discussed in this article.

Methods

Heat-resistant filamentous fungi Neosartorya fischeri, Talaromyces wortmannii, T. flavus, Eupenicillium cinnamopurpureum, originally isolated from sediments highly contaminated with arsenic (more than 1403 mg.l-1 of arsenic), and the non-heat-resistant fungus Aspergillus niger were cultivated in 40 mL liquid Sabouraud medium (SAB) enriched by 0.05, 0.25, 1.0 or 2.5 mg of inorganic arsenic (H3AsO4). After 30-day and 90-day cultivation under laboratory conditions, the total arsenic content was determined in mycelium and SAB medium using the HG AAS analytical method. Production of volatile arsenic derivates by the Neosartorya fischeri strain was also determined directly by hourly sorption using the sorbent Anasorb CSC (USA).

Results

Filamentous fungi volatilized 0.025–0.321 mg of arsenic from the cultivation system, on average, depending on arsenic concentrations and fungal species. The loss of arsenic was calculated indirectly by determining the sum of arsenic content in the mycelium and culture medium. The amount of arsenic captured on sorption material was 35.7 ng of arsenic (22nd day of cultivation) and 56.4 ng of arsenic (29th day of cultivation) after one hour's sorption. Biosorption of arsenic by two types of fungal biomass was also discussed, and the biosorption capacity for arsenic of pelletized and compact biomass of Neosartorya fischeri was on average 0.388 mg and 0.783 mg of arsenic, respectively.

Discussion

The biosorption and amount of volatilized arsenic for each fungal species was evaluated and the effect of initial pH on the biovolatilization of arsenic was discussed.

Conclusions

The most effective biovolatilization of arsenic was observed in the heat-resistant Neosartorya fischeri strain, while biotransformation of arsenic into volatile derivates was approximately two times lower for the non-heat-resistant Aspergillus niger strain. Biovolatilization of arsenic by Talaromyces wortmannii, T. flavus, Eupenicillium cinnamopurpureum was negligible. Results from biosorption experiments indicate that nearly all of an uptaken arsenic by Neosartorya fischeri was transformed into volatile derivates.

Recommendations and Perspective

. Biovolatilization and biosorption have a great potential for bioremediation of contaminated localities. However, results showed that not all fungal species are effective in the removal of arsenic. Thus, more work in this research area is needed.

     

浅析生物修复技术在石油污染治理中的应用

生物修复技术是目前人们比较关注的一种新型石油污染治理技术。文章简要介绍了生物修复技术在石油污染的土壤、河流、湖泊、地下水、海洋领域的应用,阐述了该技术的研究将大力推进生物高科技的发展,对环保科技的发展具有重大意义。     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

多环芳烃生物修复中的表面活性剂

由于其致癌、致突变和致畸性，多环芳烃(PAHs)成为环境中一类重要的有机污染物。生物修复是一种经济和有效的修复污染土壤的方法。由于PAHs低的水溶性、强的吸附性，使其生物可利用性降低，不利于生物修复。添加表面活性剂是一种常见的加强PAHs生物利用性的方法。文章概述了近年来在多环芳烃生物修复中关于表面活性剂的研究进展。     

铝和锰对外生菌根真菌生长、养分吸收及分泌作用的影响

在强酸性土壤和铝锰矿墟上,铝和锰是影响森林生长和植被恢复的主要限制因子,研究它们对外生菌根真菌的影响,筛选优良的抗性菌株,可为开展污染土壤生物修复提供技术支撑及理论依据.试验采用纯培养技术研究了Al3+、Mn2+单独或共存对褐环乳牛肝菌13(Suillus luteus 13,Sl 13)、土生空团菌04(Cenococcum geophilum 04,Cg 04)、彩色豆马勃715(Pisolithustinctorius 715,Pt 715)这3株外生菌根真菌生长、养分吸收、有机酸分泌的影响.结果表明,Mn2+使Sl 13、Cg 04、Pt 715的生物量分别降低了70.35%、52.44%和18.55%;Al3+使Sl 13的生物量下降50.74%,但增加Cg 04的生物量;Al3+和Mn2+共存对3种菌株生长均有协同抑制作用,但对Pt 715的抑制最小,表明Cg 04抗铝,Pt 715对铝、锰的单独污染和复合污染均有较强的抗性.Al3+和Mn2+抑制外生菌根真菌吸收养分,对Sl 13的抑制作用显著大于Pt 715和Cg 04;但提高3个菌株的草酸和H+分泌速率,增加其分泌量,两者共存对Cg 04草酸分泌速率具有协同促进效应,Pt 715不仅能分泌草酸而且还分泌丁二酸.因此,抗性强的外生菌根真菌可通过分泌较多的有机酸络合Al3+和Mn2+而缓解其毒害.     

硝酸盐对沉积物中有机物氧化减量及微生物群落结构的影响

通过投加硝酸钙为电子受体,促进厌氧环境中有机污染物降解转化的方式已被广泛应用于沉积物的污染修复,然而目前有关硝酸盐对复合污染沉积物中有机污染物的减量特点及其微生物响应的了解极少.本研究通过在实验室模拟条件下添加硝酸盐到河涌沉积物中,采用极性和非极性逐步分离萃取、GC-MS相对含量测定,以及PCR-DGGE分子生态学分析手段相结合,研究硝酸盐对河涌沉积物中有机污染物降解转化和微生物菌群结构特点的影响.结果表明,硝酸钙的投加可有效提高有机物的去除效果.沉积物TOC以及总有机物的去除率比未添加硝酸盐的对照组分别高出47.25%、29.55%.各类有机物的去除效果由高到低依次为含硅有机物、烷烃、多环芳烃、杂环、烯烃类、苯系物、极性物质、邻苯二甲酸酯类、醛酮和烷酸酯类物质.其中含硅有机物、持久性有机污染物多环芳烃、苯系物以及杂环物质的去除率比对照组分别高出46.73%、36.25%、23.19%、35.92%.细菌16S rDNA V3区PCR-DGGE图谱显示,硝酸盐添加前后沉积物中的微生物群落结构存在显著差异.其中10个主要条带中4条归属于变形细菌(Proteobacteria)的δ和γ两个亚群,2条归属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria),1条归属于梭菌纲(Clostridia),1条归属于绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),1条归属于新发现的细菌门(Caldiserica),1条为未培养微生物.本研究结果将为利用硝酸盐促进厌氧沉积物的污染治理提供科学依据和理论指导.     

烷烃降解菌的筛选、鉴定及优势菌株的降解特性

以正庚烷为唯一碳源,从长期受到石油污染的土壤中筛选获得可利用正庚烷的微生物14株.通过形态观察和16S rDNA序列比对,鉴定G2、G9、G14为红球菌属,G3、G27为人苍白杆菌属,G4、G7为芽孢杆菌属,G5、G10、G15、G25为节杆菌属,G16为缺陷短波单胞菌,G17、G22为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌属.通过考察其降解烷烃的能力,确定Rhodococcus sp.G2为烷烃降解优势菌株.该菌株可代谢庚烷获得最大菌体浓度D600 nm=7.51.同时该菌对不同碳链长度的烷烃,如十二烷、十六烷、煤油和二甲苯均具有较强的降解能力,以十二烷为碳源的最大比生长速率为0.37 h-1,最高菌体浓度为D600 nm=12.00,在正十六烷中生长,最大比生长速率为0.23 h-1,在煤油中生长,最大比生长速率为0.14 h-1,在以二甲苯为唯一碳源时,D600 nm也可达到1.00左右.研究表明该菌株对于石油污染土壤的生物修复有很大的应用前景.图6表2参9     

好氧反硝化菌及其在生物处理与修复中的应用研究进展

好氧反硝化菌因其生长特性与同步异养硝化好氧反硝化功能,为环境生物脱氮提供了崭新的技术思路.综述了已分离获得的好氧反硝化菌类群及其生长特性,重点阐述了好氧反硝化菌生物脱氮性能、影响因素与好氧反硝化机理,探讨了好氧反硝化在环境生物修复领域的应用.已有研究表明,好氧反硝化菌在环境生物脱氮方面具有明显的技术优势,但有关好氧反硝化反应机理、影响因素等仍待解析,以期为好氧反硝化菌固定化、活性持留以及受污染环境水体修复等研究提供理论依据.     

江蓠对水体重金属铅镍的蓄积及生物修复研究

以活体细基江篱繁枝变型(Gracilariatunuistipitata var)作为研究材料,以Pb、Ni重金属离子为污染因子,通过室内静态模拟实验,综合利用等离子发射光谱仪,超速离心机.差速离心机等实验手段研究在单一离子污染胁迫下,江蓠对Pb、Ni重金属离子的短期去除效果,各重金属离子在其体内蓄积效应,江蓠质外体、...     

Landfill Leachate Ecotoxicity Experiments using Lemna minor

The effects of varying concentrations of landfill leachate on the growth, frond area, chlorophyll content and fluorescence of four strains of Lemna minor were assessed. Growth fluorescence and frond chlorophyll content decreased after seven days exposure to leachate, although responses differed between the strains and end parameters. A L. minor bioassay was used to assess leachate toxicity and the effectiveness of a constructed wetland treatment system and pre-treatment aeration and settlement in reducing toxicity. Pre-treatments were found to significantly reduce toxicity, so their incorporation in any treatment system may increase pollutant stripping.