草炭强化对油田陈化油泥生物修复工程效果的影响

以草炭为生物基质,与陈化油泥按质量比1:1混合,采用现场土耕法研究草炭对陈化油泥强化生物降解的影响。经过26个月的现场试验,结果表明,草炭能显著提高陈化油泥的生物修复效果。陈化油泥中总石油烃(TPH)的降解率为38.9%;其理化性质得到显著改善,盐碱浓度显著降低(pH由8.7降至6.9,全盐量由20.3g/kg降至7.3g/kg),有机质浓度增加17.3%,有效态氮、有效态磷、有效态钾营养元素浓度显著增加;与陈化油泥自然衰减结果相比,草炭强化生物修复能提高微生物数量和生物的多样性。     

溢油污染海岸线生物修复措施现场应用效果评价

在2008年5月~9月于渤海湾天津海岸线进行了人工模拟溢油条件下的生物修复现场实验,考察了添加水溶性性肥料、添加缓释肥料以及同时添加缓释肥料和石油烃降解菌剂对油污染物生物降解的影响。结果表明,三种处理的石油烃降解率比对照分别提高0.9、1.2和1.8倍;添加营养盐导致基质间隙水中的营养盐浓度能明显增大,石油烃降解菌数量显著增高。其中,添加缓释肥料的体系可以在较长时间内保持间隙水中高营养盐水平;而同时添加缓释肥料和菌剂的体系不仅显著提高了石油烃降解菌的初始密度,而且可以在较长时间内维持间隙水中营养盐较高浓度。这表明营养盐缺乏是限制现场石油烃降解的主要因素,添加营养盐可以显著提高溢油污染的生物修复效率,而同时添加缓释肥料和菌剂的强化措施最为有效。     

丛枝菌根在治理铀污染环境中的潜在作用

随着人们对新能源需求的增加及核能的不断开发利用,放射性核素污染问题日趋严重.由于各种原因导致的放射性核素铀(U)制品及相关废弃物的排放,对土壤和水体造成严重污染,并最终威胁到环境安全和人类健康.另一方面,作为一种环境友好的生物技术,近年来菌根修复技术在污染环境治理方面的可能应用得到越来越多的关注.本文在概述放射性核素U...     

石油烃污染土壤生物修复技术研究

生物修复由于其成本低、操作简便、无二次污染的特点,已越来越多的运用到石油烃污染土壤的修复过程中。本文阐述了生物强化、生物刺激、生物通风、生物堆肥法和生物反应器法几种常见的生物修复技术的修复原理、使用条件和研究现状,以及讨论了土壤性质对生物修复的影响,并对今后利用生物修复石油烃污染土壤的研究进行了展望。     

脂肽类生物表面活性剂产生菌的分离及特性研究

从石油污染土壤中分离筛选获得一株产生生物表面活性剂菌株Y8A,经生理生化实验、16S rDNA序列分析等将其鉴定为芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus sp.）.Y8A能在22h内将发酵液的表面张力从68.3mN·m-1降到23.5 mN·m-1.经TLC和傅立叶红外光谱分析, 菌株Y8A产生的生物表面活性剂为脂肽类.20mg·L-1 Ca2+和Fe2+能显著促进其生长和表面活性剂的产生;菌株Y8A在20～30℃,pH 5～12范围内产生表面活性剂的能力较强;LB培养基中添加1%乳糖对生长的影响不大,但能够明显促进Y8A产生生物表面活性剂,而葡萄糖、蔗糖抑制表面活性剂的产生.Y8A能够促进石油降解菌Y1D和F11对石油的降解和功夫菊酯降解菌ZZH对功夫菊酯的生物降解.     

Phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soils: Pre-screening for suitable plants and rhizospheral fungi

A field study was conducted in a petroleum-contaminated site in Kermanshah refinery (Iran) to find the petroleum-resistant plant species and the rhizospheral fungi for being used in bioremediation. Results showed that the amounts of petroleum pollution in non-vegetated areas is 6.8% and in vegetated areas is 2.2%. Plant samples were collected from petroleum-polluted areas and determined using morphological characters. It was found that eight plant species were growing on the contaminated sites: Polygonum aviculare, Amaranthus retroflexus, Noea mucronata, Alhaji cameleron, Crozophora heirosolymitrana, Poa sp., Convolvulus arvensis and Trifolium repense. The rhizospheral fungi of the plants were collected and determined using microscopic studies and taxonomical keys. The results determined the presence of 21 species in the rhizosphere of the plants growing in the polluted areas; three of these species were common in all of the plants and the others have species-specific distribution within the plants. The highest number of rhizospheral fungi (11 species) were determined for P. aviculare in non-polluted areas and nine species in polluted areas. It seems that the plant is the best candidate for using phytoremediation. However, the variation of fungi in petroleum-polluted areas was more than non-polluted zones. The culture of fungi in oil-contaminated media showed that, although all the studied fungi were resistant to low petroleum pollution (1% v/v), a few species, especially Fusarium species, showed higher resistance to petroleum pollution (10% v/v) and hence they may be suitable for mycoremediation in highly polluted areas.     

Isolation and identification of fungi tolerant to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and coal tar from different habitats in Lithuania

A group of 36 fungal strains, belonging to the Lithuanian mycobiota, was collected and isolated from different locations, habitats, and matrices, including creosote-treated wood in storage yards for crosstie wastes. The eight most perspective strains selected according to preliminary assessment of tolerance to coal tar were subsequently identified combining taxonomical evaluation and molecular techniques. The tolerance of the eight identified fungal species (five basidiomycetes and three ascomycetes) to the presence of various concentrations of coal tar, and for the four most perspective fungal strains (Pleurotus sp., Schizophyllum sp., Irpex lacteus, Bjerkandera adusta) to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was evaluated. The ligninolytic enzymatic activity assay of the isolated strains resulted in a good correspondence between the tolerance to pollutants and the capability to produce ligninolytic enzymes indicating that this group of white-rot fungi is perspective for further investigation and eventual usage for mycoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons polluted substrates.     

Combination of the direct electro-Fenton process and bioremediation for the treatment of pyrene-contaminated soil in a slurry reactor

A combined treatment technology (DEF-BIO) using the direct electro-Fenton (DEF) process and bioremediation (BIO) was established in this study. The performance of the DEF-BIO process on the remediation of a pyrene (PYR)-contaminated soil was evaluated in a slurry reactor. The appropriate order of application was to conduct the DEF process followed by BIO, evaluated through analysis of the degradation characteristics of each process individually. In addition, the application time of the DEF process affected the efficiency of the combined process. The optimum time to apply the DEF process was determined through an analysis of the induced changes in PYR intermediates, pH, soil organic matter (SOM) and bacteria. The optimum application time of the DEF process was 6 h. All the induced changes were beneficial for the BIO phase. The removal of PYR was 91.02% for DEF–BIO after 72 h, and the efficiency was almost 50% increased, compared with the individual DEF and BIO treatments. Therefore, the combined process of DEF–BIO process may be an efficient and promising method for the remediation.     

生物修复石油污染盐碱土壤小试模拟系统中土壤性质与微生物特性变化

利用生物刺激(BS)、生物刺激+生物强化(BS+BA)2种方案修复石油污染盐碱土壤,考察了不同处理小试模拟系统中石油烃及16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的降解率、土壤pH值、表面张力、脱氢酶活性和微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明:腐殖酸、诺沃肥和生物有机钙等土壤改良剂及营养盐的加入使土壤盐碱环境得到明显改善,pH值由8.1~8.2降低至7.6~7.8,并随着酸性代谢产物的累积降低至6.6~7.0.随着微生物活动BS+BA与BS处理土壤溶液表面张力分别由72.2,71.8mN/m降低到64.9,67.2mN/m,提高了石油烃的生物可利用性.对比2组小试系统,BS+BA处理修复效果更加显著,对石油烃、总PAHs的降解率可达到50.8%,69.2%,而BS处理为40.5%和61.2%.其中添加菌剂对5~6环PAHs的去除效果明显.不同修复策略对土壤微生物有显著影响,表现为土壤脱氢酶活性及微生物群落结构的动态变化.     

鱼腥草对土壤中镉的富集及根系微生物的促进作用

通过采集自然条件的鱼腥草和未受污染的土壤,在实验室条件下培育,以及利用镉的筛选,培养出土壤菌悬液,研究了鱼腥草Huttuynia cordata对土壤中镉的富集作用,以及经过根系微生物处理后放线菌对富集后转移的促进作用。结果表明,根部经过微生物处理的鱼腥草地上部（土壤含镉200 mg·kg^-1）有最高的含镉浓度和最大的富集量,分别是是对照组的20倍和50倍。土壤含镉50 mg·kg^-1时,鱼腥草地上部与地下部镉富集量的比例是2.5,高于对照组（1.5）。而当土壤含镉200 mg.kg^-1时,经过处理的鱼腥草地上部与地下部镉含量之比是未经处理的2倍。所以,鱼腥草对土壤中的镉有很强的富集作用,且在根系微生物的促进下,地下部的镉能更有效地转移到地上部,大大加强植物的修复效率;且与其他的诸如添加化学螯合剂等方法相比,土壤根系微生物能更好地适应植物根系环境,更不会对土壤本身的微生态系统造成二次污染。所以研究根系环境中微生物、根系、土壤酶、金属离子等的相互影响关系,将是土壤重金属植物修复的另一重要领域。