长江口潮滩表层沉积物中PCBs和OCPs的分布

对长江口潮滩表层沉积物中的多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)进行GC-ECD测试,结果表明PCBs含量分布在0.19～18.95ng/g,平均值为2.70ng/g,其分布随采样点的位置变化显著:排污口附近出现最大值,离排污口越远,即受排污影响的程度越小,其含量越低.OCPs含量在1.25～36.01ng/g,平均值为8.50ng/g,分布特征与PCBs相似,表明了它们来源的相似性.研究区内PCBs和OCPs的含量低于ER-L值,尚未对生物造成显著的负面影响.     

Aroclor1254对大鼠甲状腺结构及功能的影响

为探讨低浓度多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)商业混合物Aroclor1254对大鼠甲状腺结构及功能的影响,本文将12只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和PCBs暴露组(Aroclor1254组),对照组腹腔注射Aroclor1254的溶剂玉米油,暴露组以2000μg·kg-1·d-1的剂量行腹腔注射Aroclor1254,每周注射5d,连续注射13周.采用HE染色、免疫组化及电镜技术观察PCBs对大鼠甲状腺组织结构的影响,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清TSH、Free-T3、Free-T4水平,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测甲状腺球蛋白(Tg)及钠碘转运体(NIS)mRNA表达水平.研究结果发现,与对照组比较,暴露组大鼠甲状腺组织内单核巨噬细胞(ED-1+细胞)浸润增多,甲状腺微观结构受损,血清TSH水平显著升高,甲状腺组织TgmRNA及NISmRNA表达显著下调.研究结果表明,低浓度PCBs长期暴露可导致大鼠甲状腺结构破坏及功能损伤.     

饲料级硫酸铜中二英类多氯联苯的污染特征及其来源研究

近年来,持久性有机污染物（POPs）对人体和环境带来的危害在世界范围内引起了广泛关注.饲料添加剂已成为畜禽动物养殖过程中必不可少的原料,为探明典型动物饲料添加剂饲料级硫酸铜（CuSO₄）中POPs的来源,本研究分析了饲料级CuSO₄、铜盐产品、蚀刻废液（包括酸性蚀刻废液、碱性蚀刻废液及微蚀废液）、蚀刻液（包括盐酸（HCl）和氧化剂）、硫酸（H₂SO₄）共计79个样品中二英类多氯联苯（DL-PCBs）的污染特征.结果发现,饲料级CuSO₄和铜盐产品中DL-PCBs均以PCB-77、PCB-169和PCB-126为主要检出单体,与其生产原料酸性蚀刻废液中具有完全一致的指纹分布特征,表明其来源的一致性;对于蚀刻液,DL-PCBs仅在工业HCl中有不同程度检出,然而指纹特征（单体组成以PCB-118、PCB-77和PCB-126为主）与其他样品中有所区别.通过主成分分析（PCA）进一步确认表明,工业HCl是蚀刻废液中DL-PCBs的一个重要来源,但亦可能存在其他未知来源.相关研究为去除和控制微量元素饲料添加剂尤其是铜盐产品中DL-PCBs提供了重要的科学依据.     

香港海域翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis L.)中多氯联苯的研究

用气相色谱 毛细管双柱 电子捕获检测器研究了香港海域翡翠贻贝中多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量及其分布特征 ,结果表明 ,翡翠贻贝体内PCBs的污染现状与香港周边污染状况相符 ,在香港某些海域中翡翠贻贝体内PCBs有较高的含量 ,特别是靠近香港陆地的海域 ,PCBs总浓度最高达 3 0 3ng·g- 1 (干样 ) .PCBs同系物的分布亦有明显的不同特征 .运用二恶英毒性当量 (TEQ)表征翡翠贻贝中PCBs的毒性 ,TEQ最高值达 4 96ng·kg- 1 ,低于美国FDA允许值     

Determination of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in insulating oil samples from stored Chinese electrical capacitors by HRGC/HRMS

Homologue and congener profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in commercial PCBs formulations are key information for the source identification of PCBs contamination as well as for the risk assessment caused by potential exposure. The isotope dilution technology in combination with high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) has made the accurate determination of such profiles possible. So far, various commercial PCB formulations except Chinese products have been successfully determined. Two PCBs containing insulating oil samples from stored Chinese electrical capacitors have been determined with the same methodology for comparability. The total concentration PCBs in two oil samples were 790 000 μg g⁻¹ and 720 000 μg g⁻¹, respectively. TriCBs, TetraCBs, and DiCBs were found to be most abundant. Concentration of dioxins contamination in two samples is 650-670 ngTEQ g⁻¹, of which 69-71 ngTEQ g⁻¹ from PCDD/Fs with the predominant congeners of 1,2,7,8-TeCDF; 2,3,7,8-TeCDF; 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF. The contributions of DL-PCBs in total TEQ in both samples were more than 85%. The dioxin-like toxicity in insulating oils contained in electrical capacitors could be considered receive attention as an important dioxins source if such wastes are not managed in an environmentally sound manner.     

表面活性剂冲洗修复多氯联苯污染土壤多相流研究

多氯联苯(PCBs)是一种具有持久性、抗生物降解性、脂肪溶性和明显的生物毒性等特性的持久性有机污染物,PCBs在土壤中难于准确定位、难被分解和强烈吸附,去除土壤中PCBs比较困难.表面活性剂冲洗法可以通过提高PCBs溶解度和降低水-PCBs界面张力来实现PCBs从土壤中去除;表面活性剂冲洗PCBs污染土壤涉及气相、水相、NAPLs相和固相等物质,是多相共存并相互发生作用的过程,发生相对渗透率、饱和度和毛细压力的变化;另外,为研究表面活性剂冲洗土壤中PCBs的去除机理,并降低PCBs对研究人员的危害,采用微观孔隙结构网络模型是一种较新颖的和效果显著的研究方法.开展表面活性剂冲洗PCBs污染土壤多相流研究,可以为PCBs污染场地修复提供理论基础和实验支持,并促进我国POPs履约工作的顺利进行.     

Size-related bioaccumulation and between-year variation of organochlorines in ice-associated amphipods from the Arctic Ocean

Organochlorines are found even in organisms living in remote areas such as the Arctic marginal ice zone. Organochlorine concentrations in ice-associated (sympagic) amphipods are related to their diet. Therefore, the size-dependent diet shift of Gammarus wilkitzkii may influence its organochlorine content. In this preliminary study, the organochlorine concentrations in two size classes (small 29 mm and large >29 mm) of G. wilkitzkii were analysed. The concentrations of more lipophilic compounds [e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] were lower in the small than the large size class, whereas concentrations of less lipophilic compounds [e.g. hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs)] did not differ by size class.

Since contamination transport by the atmosphere, ocean currents and sea ice may vary, the organochlorine burden in sympagic organisms may also vary. There are no data available on temporal variation of organochlorine burden in Arctic sympagic fauna. Therefore, we compared organochlorine concentrations in sympagic amphipods (G. wilkitzkii, Apherusa glacialis and Onisimus spp.) between 1998 and 1999. Organochlorine concentrations in all amphipods were low in both years, with sum organochlorines from 50.7 to 621.9 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight. The concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordanes, DDTs and PCBs were higher in 1999 than 1998, whereas the HCH concentrations were lower in 1999 than 1998. The organochlorine concentrations differed between the taxa in both years in a similar increasing manner from A. glacialis to both G. wilkitzkii and Onisimus spp.

In studies of bioaccumulation relative to body size and temporal variation, a thorough interpretation requires samples from several size classes and years. Nevertheless, the present data provide new knowledge on contaminants in Arctic invertebrates where data are scarce.     

Determining dioxin-like compounds in selected Korean food

To measure the levels of dioxin-like compounds, pork, mackerel, cheese and milk were analyzed. The food samples were obtained at three different markets in Seoul. All the samples were animal origin and their lipid contents ranged from 4% to 34%. After extraction, extracts were cleaned up by sulfuric acid impregnated silica gel, purified on a series of silica gel, alumina, carbon column chromatography and then analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. The levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans for pork, mackerel, cheese and milk were 0.0008, 0.8663, 0.002 and 0.0236 pgTEQ/g wet weight, respectively. In addition, the levels of non-ortho coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls for pork, mackerel, cheese and milk were 0.0041, 1.5781, 0.0259 and 0.0353 pgTEQ/g wet weight, respectively. Among food samples analyzed, pork showed the lowest level of dioxin-like compounds.     

过硫酸盐对电动-铁/碳复合材料联合修复多氯联苯污染土壤的强化作用

研究了3种浓度过硫酸盐溶液(2、20和200 g·L^-1,以下分别表示为0.2%、2%、20%)作为电解液对电动-铁/碳复合材料（EK-Fe/C）联合修复多氯联苯（PCBs）污染土壤的强化作用,并探究了EK-Fe/C-PS修复技术对土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明,EK-Fe/C-PS修复7 d后,土壤温度和可溶性有机质含量增加,p H显著降低,电导率下降.PS对EK-Fe/C联合修复PCB28污染土壤具有显著的强化作用,修复效果整体随PS浓度增加而增加.在PS浓度为20%时,PCB28的7 d平均去除效率最高（60.9%）,是EK-Fe/C处理组（20.5%）的3倍,EK-20%PS处理组（32.0%）的近2倍.阳极侧土壤PCB28去除效率显著高于阴极侧,达到92.7%±7.7%.在两个电极中间区域,PS浓度增加对修复效果的影响不显著.为降低修复成本和对土壤的影响,污染土壤修复实践中可先使用高浓度PS快速修复阳极和阴极侧土壤,再使用低浓度PS强化修复中间区域土壤.