Cytogenetic Damage of Human Somatic Cells and Weeping Birch Cells in Voronezh Districts with Different Levels of Anthropogenic Pollution

Cytogenetic parameters (the mitotic rate and the frequency of pathological mitoses) of the seed offspring of weeping birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and the frequency of micronuclei in the buccal epithelium of children living in several raions (districts) of the city of Voronezh differing in environmental conditions were studied. Judging from these parameters, the environmental situation was the worst in the Sovetskii raion. A correlation was found between the frequency of pathological mitoses in the roots of birch seedlings and the frequency of micronuclei in the buccal epithelial cells of children. This indicates that the cytogenetic monitoring data obtained in plants may be extrapolated to man.     

The effects of exogenous salicylic acid on growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress

Salicylic acid （SA） was an essential component of the plant resistance to pathogens and also plays an important role in mediating plant response to some abiotic stress. The possible effects of SA on the growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress were studied. When rice seedlings grown in nutrient solution containing Pb^2＋ （0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.25 mmol/L） for 18 d, the plant biomass as well as the chlorophyll content of leaves decreased with increasing Pb concentration. The pre-treatment with SA （treated with 0.1 mmol/L SA for 48 h before Pb stress） partially protected seedlings from Pb toxicity. The chlorophyll contents were significant higher in leaves of Pb-exposed with SA pre-treatment seedlings than in Pb-exposed plants at the same Pb intensity. SA pre-treated alone could significantly increase the length of shoot and root of seedlings but the vigour difference was not marked under long-term exposure to Pb toxicity. SA pre-treated influence the H2O2 level in leaves of seedlings by up-regulating the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, repressing the activity of catalase （CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） depending on the concentrations of Pb^2＋ in the growth medium. The results supported the conclusion that SA played a positive role in rice seedlings against Pb toxicity.     

氯酚类污染物在小麦幼苗中的竞争吸附研究

极性有机污染物植物吸收行为的研究目前已有较多报道。文章将以小麦幼苗干样为研究对象,以2种氯酚(2,4-二氯酚,DCP;2,4,6-三氯酚,TCP)为吸附质,以菲(PHE)为非极性参照化合物,探讨竞争吸附条件下,可解离有机污染物的植物吸收行为。采用序批平衡实验分别研究了小麦幼苗干样干样对DCP、TCP、PHE单独吸附,及DCP或PHE共存影响下TCP的竞争吸附行为。结果表明,小麦幼苗干样对TCP、DCP和PHE各单组分的吸附呈显著线性相关,分配系数与类脂含量有关;TCP的解离作用使得TCP的类脂标化后植物-水分配系数对数值(logKlip)要小于其辛醇-水分配系数对数值(logKow);DCP或PHE的共存提升了小麦幼苗干样对TCP的吸附能力。TCP的存在不影响小麦幼苗干样对菲的吸附,却能影响其对DCP的吸附。     

菹草石芽萌发及幼苗生长对光、温因子的响应

试验分冬夏2季进行.冬季采用盆栽试验方法,研究了菹草石芽在弱光环境下的萌发和幼苗生长以及弱光对菹草叶片光合效率的影响.冬季试验共设6个光照处理,即:2×104～5×104(对照,晴天中午最大[光]照度)、350～450、160～260、60～80、30～50、0～30 lx,试验时间为67 d.夏季试验在光照培养箱内进行,研究高温条件下石芽萌发的[光]照度阈值.夏季试验设6个光照处理,即:1 400、970、660、450、160、120 lx.结果表明:(1)冬季试验,栽培45 d时菹草石芽全部萌发,光照对石芽萌发无显著影响;夏季水温(32±1) ℃条件下,石芽萌发的[光]照度阈值为120～160 lx,[光]照度达到1 400 lx,石芽就能够达到自然萌发率.(2)菹草幼苗生长前期,5个弱光处理菹草株高生长速率(约1.20 cm·d-1)快于光照较充足的对照(0.92 cm·d-1);幼苗生长后期,对照菹草生长速率(3.15 cm·d-1)快于5个弱光处理菹草生长速率(1.09 cm·d-1),且各处理叶片数并未随株高的增加而增加.(3)冬季试验,菹草石芽萌发后的第39天,对照及各处理菹草幼苗的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ光量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qp)随着[光]照度的减弱而下降,弱光对菹草幼苗光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)产生显著影响;非光化学淬灭系数(qn)随[光]照度的减弱而增加,对菹草幼苗叶片PSⅡ有一定的保护作用.(4)从快速光响应曲线可以看出,长期光照不足导致菹草植株的光响应能力显著降低.     

镉胁迫对向日葵幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

采用溶液培养方法,研究了不同浓度镉(0、0.05、0.1、0.5和1 mg/L)处理7 d对向日葵幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明：随着镉处理浓度的增加,向日葵幼苗对镉的吸收显著增加。1 mg/L镉浓度处理时,叶、茎和根中镉浓度分别为0.05 mg/L镉处理时的16.3、19.2和581倍;根中积累的镉含量明显高于叶和茎, 各浓度根部积累的镉分别为叶和茎的37.8～63倍和29.4～41倍。镉胁迫显著抑制向日葵幼苗生长和叶绿素合成,当镉浓度达1 mg/L时,整株植物生物量和总叶绿素含量分别为对照的55.9%和52.6%。镉胁迫下向日葵幼苗游离脯氨酸和丙二醛（MDA）含量显著增加,1 mg/L镉浓度时,根中含量分别为对照的4和5.8倍。向日葵幼苗可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化与镉胁迫浓度呈明显的倒U字型关系,可溶性蛋白含量在0.05 mg/L镉浓度时达到最大值,叶、茎、根中的POD活性分别在0.1、0.1和0.05 mg/L镉浓度时达到最大值。     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

钙对紫外辐射B胁迫下小麦幼苗若干生物学特性的影响

采用模拟紫外辐射(UV-B,280～320nm)的盆栽实验法,研究钙离子对紫外B辐射胁迫下小麦幼苗若干生物学特性的影响.结果显示,在紫外辐射胁迫下(0.35W/m²,每日照射6h,连续照射7d),2mmol/L钙离子处理的小麦,地下与地上部生长指标均明显低于对照植株(降幅为8.1%～36.1%).而6mmol/L钙离子处理的小麦幼苗,各种生长指标的降幅(3.2%～28.6%)低于2mmol/L钙离子处理的小麦幼苗.表明钙离子具有缓解紫外辐射伤害小麦幼苗的效应,这同钙离子对小麦幼苗部分生理生化指标的影响有关.     

浊度对苦草(Vallisneria natans)幼苗生长的影响

用粒径小于100μm的泥沙分别配置浊度为30、60和90NTU的浑浊水体,将苦草(Vallisneria natans)幼苗种植于上述水体中,测定幼苗的叶片长和叶片数,并利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪(DIVING-PAM)测定幼苗的光合荧光特性,研究在不同浊度水体中水下光强对苦草幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,随着处理时间的延长和水体浊度的增大,苦草幼苗生长受到明显的影响。第30天时,在60和90NTU水体中,水下光强不足自然光强的4.5%,幼苗叶片出现发黄、折断现象,相对电子传递速率和饱和光强显著降低,非光化学淬灭系数显著升高,表明幼苗光合作用受到明显抑制。在对照水体中,水下的光强为水面光强的43.3%以上,苦草幼苗也受到抑制;而在水下光强≥7.1%的30NTU水体中,苦草幼苗有较高的光能利用率,幼苗生长较好。这表明苦草幼苗有一定的低光适应能力,光强范围大约是7.1%～43.3%,为在浑浊水体中恢复、重建苦草种群提供了一定的实验依据。     

Temporal and spatial variation in mountain birch foliar enzyme activities during the larval period of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Epirrita autumnata</Emphasis>

Summary. Mountain birches are deciduous trees consisting of several clonal and partly autonomous ramets. Autumnal moth, Epirrita autumnata, is an extremely harmful pest of mountain birches that during outbreak years may cause the death of trees over large areas. During the larval development of E. autumnata, leaf characters and nutritional suitability vary considerably both temporally and spatially among and within mountain birches. Compared to variation between trees, however, the extent of within-tree variation is known for only a limited number of potentially defensive traits. Plant oxidases, polyphenoloxidases (PPOs) and peroxidases (PODs) may play an important part in dictating the suitability of a tree for plant-eating animals, including E. autumnata. In this study, we observed changes in the activities of oxidative and antioxidative enzymes along leaf development during the larval period of E. autumnata. We also estimated the relative amounts of spatial variation among and within trees. Our results show that POD activities were remarkably high during the rapid elongation growth phase of leaves but decreased with leaf maturation. Thus PODs are suggested to take part in leaf elongation growth. Time and within tree variation accounted for the most of variation in POD activities whereas there was no among tree variation. In contrast, the activities of antioxidative CATs, which act as antagonists to PODs, were low in young leaves and increased towards leaf maturation, reflecting an increase in the oxidative status of source leaves. Within tree variation accounted for the most of the variation in CAT activities. The absolute PPO activities decreased along leaf growth due to the dilution effect whereas the specific activity of PPOs, which has been shown to be defensive against E. autumnata larvae, did not vary temporally that might reflect the importance of these enzymes in the defence of birches. Acidic PPOs showed marked within- and among-tree variation, which may impact herbivores performance on certain genotypes and increase larval mobility within the tree canopy.     

川西亚高山冷杉林和白桦林土壤酶活性季节动态

研究了川西亚高山冷杉林和白桦林中与土壤碳氮元素循环有关的土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶活性的季节变化规律．结果表明：(1)在两个群落中，腐殖质层(A)中6种土壤酶活性均高于淀积层(B)和母质层(C)中的酶活性；(2)白桦林A层土壤酶活性显著高于冷杉林A层土壤，而C层的脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性以冷杉林明显高于白桦林，但C层的其它4种酶活性没有明显差异；(3)土壤酶活性的高峰期主要出现在温度较高的7、8月份(冷杉林A层土壤中的蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶，白桦林A层土壤中的蛋白酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶)，或是凋落物高峰期的10月份(冷杉林A层土壤中的脲酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶，白桦林A层土壤中的多酚氧化酶)．可见，不同土壤酶的活性对温度的敏感程度是不一样的，有一些土壤酶的活性(如多酚氧化酶)明显受凋落物动态的影响．图1表2参18