中国农田土壤Cd累积分布特征及概率风险评价

通过检索2000~2022年国内外公开发表的文献资料,获得31个省240个市（县）区域160446个农田土壤样点的镉（Cd）含量数据,利用单因子污染指数、地累积指数和概率风险评价方法从整体上分析了我国农田土壤Cd污染时空分布特征及其健康风险,为农田土壤Cd污染治理和风险管控提供了科学依据.结果表明,我国农田土壤ω（Cd）范围在0.012~23.33 mg ·kg^-1,几何均值为0.473 mg ·kg^-1,是我国农用地土壤Cd风险筛选值（6.5华南>西北>东北>华东>华北;从时间尺度来看,我国农田土壤Cd含量在各时间段并无统计学意义的显著性差异（P>0.05）.我国农田土壤Cd对儿童、青年、成年人和老年人尚无非致癌风险,但其对成年人和老年人存在潜在致癌风险,约5.81%和4.49%的成年人和老年人的致癌风险超过美国环保署规定的限量值（1E-06）.为提高农田土壤Cd健康风险评价的准确性,概率生态风险评价中还需要进一步考虑土壤Cd的生物有效性和农产品的摄食暴露途径.     

京津冀城市群冬季二次PM2.5的时空分布特征

二次组分是造成京津冀城市群冬季PM_2.5污染的重要因素.采用CO示踪法,估算2017～2021年冬季京津冀城市群二次PM_2.5浓度,并分析其时空分布特征,探讨区域二次PM_2.5的影响因素.结果表明,2017～2021年冬季京津冀区域PM_2.5浓度下降趋势明显,河北中南部一次PM_2.5下降幅度最大,二次PM_2.5浓度年际波动平稳,北京和天津二次PM_2.5占比明显高于其他城市.随着污染程度加剧,一次PM_2.5和二次PM_2.5质量浓度均有不同程度的增加,二次PM_2.5占比呈显著增大趋势.与直接测量结果相比,CO示踪法获得的结果偏低,与冬季CO浓度较高,一次PM_2.5浓度高估有关,选取合适的一次气溶胶基准值是改进该方法,获取合理估算值的关键.     

2006~2020年广东省大气甲醛排放演变特征

大气甲醛（HCHO）是臭氧（O₃）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）二次组分的关键前体物,在大气光化学反应和二次污染形成过程中扮演着重要角色,并存在致癌性.然而,当前对大气HCHO排放来源认识存在不足,制约了二次污染形成机制研究和污染防控策略制定.采用排放因子和成分谱结合方法,建立2006~2020年广东省HCHO排放趋势清单,识别了广东省主要HCHO排放来源和排放时空演变特征.结果表明,2006~2020年期间广东省HCHO排放量在3.9~5.6万t区间波动,整体呈现极微弱的下降趋势;生物质燃烧源是广东省重要HCHO排放源,而受到管控措施的显著影响,其排放量占比从2006年的58%降至2020年的27%;溶剂使用源的HCHO排放则逐渐突显,2020年占比增长至28%,并成为广东省首要排放源,其中塑料制品和沥青铺路是主要贡献行业.移动源中以柴油作为燃料的工程机械和货车也是HCHO重要排放来源;虽然珠三角和非珠三角地区对广东省HCHO排放量贡献相当,但空间分布结果表明HCHO排放热点区域分别集中于珠三角中心区域和非珠三角的东西两角,这是由于珠三角主要来源为溶剂使用源和移动源,而非珠三角主要受生物质燃烧源影响.因此,未来应进一步加强珠三角中心区域的工业和移动源减排以及粤西地区的生物质燃烧监管.     

长江流域径流模拟及其对极端降雨的响应

研究流域径流量变化可为水资源科学调配、利用开发、水旱灾害防治、水环境污染整治和国民经济可持续发展等提供重要依据.但近年来受全球变暖影响,极端气候事件,尤其是极端降雨的发生频率和强度出现了变化,直接或间接影响径流量变化.运用SWAT模型模拟1965~2019年间长江流域径流时空变化规律,分析了不同极端降雨条件下径流对降雨的响应.结果表明,1965~2019年间长江流域径流变化并不显著,流域总径流和中下游径流均经历了"枯-丰-枯-丰"4个阶段.极端降雨情景模拟发现,50 a一遇极端降雨下,长江上、中和下游代表性子流域日均径流变化率分别为6200%、21%和15%,月均径流变化率为355%、5%和1.3%,年均变化率为78%、1%和0.24%.而100 a一遇极端降雨下,3个子流域日均径流变化率分别为8000%、25%和17%,月均径流变化率为437%、7%和1.5%,年均变化率为96%、1.2%和0.28%.研究结果可为流域水资源管理和利用及洪涝灾害预测与防控等提供理论依据.     

石家庄市土壤中喹诺酮类抗生素时空分布及其风险评估

由于喹诺酮类(QNs)药物在人类医学中的重要性,世界卫生组织将其列为“最重要的抗菌药物”.鉴于此,为阐明土壤中喹诺酮类抗生素时空分布特征及其风险,分别于2020年9月(秋季)和2021年6月(夏季)采集了18份表层土壤样品,并采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)分析测定了土壤样品中的QNs抗生素含量,明晰了QNs时空分布特征及其环境影响因子;并采用风险商值法(RQ)进行了QNs生态风险和抗性风险评估.结果表明：(1)由2020年9月(秋季)至2021年6月(夏季), QNs含量平均值呈现下降趋势[秋季和夏季ω(QNs)平均值分别为94.88μg·kg^-1和44.46μg·kg^-1];中部(S9～S15)土壤中QNs含量最高而其他区域较低;(2)土壤中粉粒平均占比并无显著变化,而黏粒和砂粒平均占比分别呈升高和下降趋势;总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)和硝氮(NO^-₃-N)含量平均值呈下降趋势;(3)相关分析结果表明,QNs含量与土壤粒径、亚硝...     

Comparison of temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Ozone Pollution at Ground Level in the Eastern China

Monitoring data from ozone（O3） automatic stations in three typical cities with different climatic areas in the southern and northern parts of eastern China are used to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics of ozone pollution at ground level. The results show that ozone pollution level has distinct regional differences and the concentration in the suburbs is higher than that in the urban areas. The seasonal variation of ozone concentration in different climatic areas is greatly affected by the variation of precipitation. Ozone concentration in Shenyang and Beijing , in the temperate zone, has one perennial peak concentration, occurring in early summer, May or June. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou, in sub-tropical zone, has two peak values year round. The highest values occur in October and the secondary high value in June. The ozone season in the south is longer than that in the north. The annual average daily peak value of ozone concentrations in different climates usually occur around 3 pm. The diurnal variation range of ozone concentration declines with the increase of latitude. Ozone concentration does not elevate with the increase of traffic flow. Ozone concentration in Guangzhou has a distinct reverse relation to CO and NOx. This complicated non-linearity indicates that the equilibrium of ozone photochemical reaction has regional differences. Exceeding the rate of Beijing＇s lh ozone concentration is higher than that of Guangzhou, whereas the average 8h ozone level is lower than that of Guangzhou, indicating that areas in low latitude are more easily affected by moderate ozone concentrations and longer exposure. Thus, China should work out standards for 8h ozone concentration.     

A case study of spatial variation and enrichment of selected elements in ambient particulate matter around a large coal-fired power station in Central India

The dominant use of coal in power sectors has been associated with adverse environmental impacts. Ambient air monitoring for the two size fractions of particulate matter, respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and non-respirable suspended particulate matter (NRSPM) in the downwind and upwind directions of a large coal-fired power station in central India, was carried out. Collected samples of ambient particulate matter were analysed atomic absorption spectrophotometrically for 15 elements. Spatial variability in elemental composition of RSPM and NRSPM and the degree of enrichment of these toxic metals in RSPM were investigated. A significant spatial variability for the elements in RSPM and NRSPM and higher degrees of enrichment of the elements were observed.     

The Spatiotemporal Structure of Rodent Populations in the Steppe Zone of Western Siberia

The spatial structure of populations has been studied in two rodent species inhabiting the subzone of meadow steppes of the steppe zone of Omsk oblast: the narrow-sculled vole (Microtus gregalis Pall.) and steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus Pall.). Their populations are represented by combinations of territorial family groups whose structure and spatial distribution vary by season depending on population density, the phase of the population cycle, and the status of their members in the population. In the areas cohabited by M. gregalis and L. lagurus, the pattern of territory use and the rhythm of animal activity during the day depend primarily on their total density: under conditions of low density, the population groups of both species are spatially separated; at increased density, they are distributed with respect to the pattern of daily activity. Both species jointly use part of the territory but at different times of day: M. gregalis, mainly at night and in the morning; L. lagurus, in the daytime.     

The spatiotemporal structure of population in the Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)

The spatiotemporal structure of the muskrat population has been studied by means of the prenatal radioactive marking of juveniles with 45 Ca and their subsequent recapture in the test area. The muskrat population is characterized by a cyclic type of spatial structure, with seasonal transition from a mosaic type of settling to a diffuse type and, after the breeding season, vice versa.     

上海市人口分布变动的空间特征分析

空间自相关分析是一种空间统计的方法。可以揭示区域变量的空间结构形态。通过对2000-2003年期间上海市乡镇人口密度变化率的空间相关性分析，发现上海市近几年人口分布空间变动格局表现为以中心城区为中心的环状分布模式，中心城区和远郊区人口密度变化小。人口增长缓慢，而近郊区人口密度变化大，人口增长迅速。全市人口密度变化率存在着显著的空间集聚现象。四种类型的空间关联在空间分布上具有明显的规律性。研究结果表明，目前上海市人口郊区化趋势明显。高人口密度区域在不断向外扩张，人口分布与经济、交通等社会发展因素的关系日益密切。这些研究结果说明利用空间自相关统计方法能够扩展和加强对人口分布空间模式的研究．从而为经济总体布局和城市化建设提供辅助参考作用。