黑液水煤浆燃烧过程中氟排放特性

在0.25MW燃烧试验台上进行黑液水煤浆燃烧过程中氟的排放特性研究 ,并和普通水煤浆进行对比 ,分析了影响排放过程的各因素 .试验表明水煤浆中的氟含量较低 ,一般小于 30mg/kg ,普通水煤浆燃烧氟排放率为70%～90%,排放浓度为2.0～2.6mg/m³;黑液水煤浆氟排放率明显低于普通水煤浆 ,为 45%～80 % ,排放浓度为1.7～3.0mg/m³.炉膛温度和水煤浆成分对氟排放浓度有一定的影响 .     

A preliminary study on measurements of black carbon in the atmosphere of northwest Qilian Shan

Black carbon (BC) concentration and meteorological data are measured discontinuously from May 2009 to March 2011, at the Qilian Shan Station of Glaciology and Ecologic Environment (hereafter “QSSGEE”), located near the terminal of the Laohugou No.12 Glacier in northwestern Qilian Shan, China.We measured the daily, monthly and seasonal variations of BC concentration in the atmosphere and discussed the possible emission sources. Black carbon background concentration in this region varied in the range of 18-72 ng/m³ with the highest in summer and the lowest in autumn. The relations between BC concentration and surface wind direction indicated that BC concentration was higher when northwest wind prevails while lower when southeast wind prevails. Air masses backward trajectories showed the potential emission sources in the northwest. Significant positive correlations between daily mean BC concentration and relative humidity indicated that BC might be one of important cloud condensation nuclei. This hypothesis needs to be confirmed further through cloud microphysical features in this region.     

不同水分处理下农田黑土水分特征

采用田间定位试验,利用中子仪原位监测土壤储水量的方法,研究3个水分处理下农田土壤水分特征.结果表明:受长期不同水分处理的影响,适宜水分处理0-110 cm土壤储水量最高,其次为自然降水处理,分别比干旱处理增加了23.4%和12.9%;在大豆生育期内,各水分处理土壤储水量的季节性变化均呈"减小-增加-减小-增加"的趋势,与大豆生育期内降雨分布密切相关;各处理大豆耗水量表现为适宜水分处理>自然降水处理>干旱处理,其值分别为459.4、420.3、326.4 mm;不同时段大豆耗水量表现为在无控水影响的时期(2008-05-01-2008-06-15)大豆耗水量处理间差异较小,而在控水时期差异较明显;从进水量与耗水量的比值可以看出,黑土调节土壤水分的能力较强;干旱处理、自然降水处理和适宜水分处理水分利用效率分别为3.9、4.8和5.4 kg·hm-2·mm-1,表明一般年份灌溉能够提高水分利用效率.     

Effects of nano carbon black and single-layer graphene oxide on settlement,survival and swimming behaviour of Amphibalanus amphitrite larvae

The effects of two carbon-based nanomaterials, nano-sized carbon black (nCB), and single-layer graphene oxide (GO) on settlement of Amphibalanus amphitrite (Cirripedia, Crustacea) cypris larvae (cyprids) were assessed after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure. Additionally, the effects of these nanomaterials on the mortality and swimming behaviour of the nauplius larvae (nauplii) of the same organism were determined after 24 and 48 h. The data indicate that nCB is more effective as a potential antisettlement agent than single-layer GO; moreover, nCB did not show any adverse effects on the larvae. The swimming behaviour of II stage nauplii of A. amphitrite exposed to a suspension of nCB was inhibited only at very high nCB concentrations (≥0.5 mg/mL). Single-layer GO, on the contrary, showed lower antisettlement effects and was more active in altering the survival and inhibiting the swimming behaviour of the nauplii. An indication of the toxic or non-toxic mechanisms of the antisettlement properties of both of these nanomaterials is provided by the reversibility of the antisettlement activity. In conclusion, we propose nCB as an innovative antifouling nanomaterial that shows low toxicity towards the model organism (crustaceans) used in this study.     

Contribution of black carbon to nonlinearity of sorption and desorption of acetochlor on sediment

In order to investigate the contribution of various black carbon (BC) contents to nonlinearity of sorption and desorption isotherms for acetochlor on sediment, equilibrium sorption and desorption isotherms were determined to measure sorption and desorption of acetochlor in sediment amended with various amounts of BC. In this paper, two types of BC referred to as BC400 and BC500 were prepared at 400°C and 500°C, respectively. Higher preparation temperature facilitated the formation of micropores on BC to enhance its sorption capacity. Increase of the BC content obviously increased the sorption amount and reduced the desorption amount for acetochlor. When the BC500 contents in total organic carbon (TOC) increased from 0 to 60%, Freundlich sorption coefficient (K _f) increased from 4.07 to 35.74, and desorption hysteresis became gradually obvious.When the content of BC in TOC was lower than 23%, the sorption isotherm had a significant linear correlation (p = 50.05). In case of desorption, a significant nonlinear change could be observed when the content of BC was up to 13%. Increase of BC content in the sediment would result in shifting the sorption-desorption isotherms from linearity to nonlinearity, which indicated that contribution of BC to nonlinear adsorption fraction became gradually remarkable.     

我国黑土退化研究现状与展望

黑土是一种腐殖质层厚,质地松散,肥力很高,孔隙比较大而透水性差,粘粒含量高,适于耕作的淋溶土。但是随着人类社会的发展,在缺乏保护和可持续利用意识、急功近利思想影响下,黑土遭到过度垦殖和掠夺式经营,人类对其活动范围远远超过了其再生能力,导致有机质含量减少,肥力下降,孔隙比减小,保水持水能力降低, 土壤板结,黑土严重退化。在国家振兴东北老工业基地和防止黑土退化及加强黑土保护之际,通过对黑土分布状况和黑土退化研究现状的分析,总结出黑土退化方式,揭示了其退化的主要原因,提出了防止黑土地退化和保护黑土地的措施,在现有研究的基础上提出黑土退化研究的新方向,希望能为黑土资源可持续利用和进一步研究起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

同一实验环境下炭黑燃烧催化剂活性测试及制备方法优选

催化燃烧是最有效的炭黑消除手段之一,催化剂是其中的核心,其活性的提高对催化效果优化及成本控制有重要影响.然而目前报道的大量炭黑燃烧催化剂活性测试是基于不同实验环境进行的,其结果之间缺乏比较意义.为了筛选活性优异的催化剂,并总结出催化剂活性与物理化学性质之间的关系,同时为催化过程中氧物种原位定量观测建立基础,根据易得、环...     

黑色岩层的风化特征研究

黑色岩层是一种分布广泛且较为特殊的一类岩石 ,它的风化往往会加速各类岩石以及工程建筑物材料的风化与劣化过程。本文从矿物岩石学特征、黑色岩层风化的环境特征、黑色岩层中硫化物矿物氧化的地球化学过程以及硫化物矿物氧化形成的酸性条件下其它矿物的稳定性等方面对湘西地区黑色岩层的风化特征进行了分析 ,为进一步深入研究黑色岩层的风化过程及机理打下了基础。     

基于表面活性剂和混凝机理控制陶瓷窑炉黑烟污染的实验研究

针对工业燃煤陶瓷窑炉黑烟难治理的现状,提出了控制黑烟的新方法.在燃煤陶瓷窑炉的烟道中采集沉积炭黑,并分析炭黑物理、化学性质.从改变炭黑的润湿效果、沉降状态入手,通过一系列的正交实验,分析了选取的表面活性剂及混凝剂对炭黑的润湿与混凝作用,筛选出了效果较好的混凝剂与表面活性剂的混合溶液作为去除炭黑的吸收液.对筛选出的混合溶液进行炭黑沉降实验,分析炭黑沉降率得到最佳配方: 100 mmol/L Na₂SO₄+ 1.2 mmol/L SDBS+ 40 mg/L PAM.吸收炭黑后,溶液与炭黑有明显的分层,中间溶液澄清透明,其炭黑的去除率达94.34%.配制吸收液的药品价格便宜且吸收液可以循环利用,可节省药剂和水的用量.      

大气气溶胶性质及其卫星遥感反演

论述了大气气溶胶的物理性质(含微物理性质)、化学性质及光学性质,特别是黑碳气溶胶的物理、化学和光学性质及其对气候强迫作用和对人居环境的影响,同时对光化学形成的二次气溶胶进行了简要介绍.指出一般气溶胶具有负气候强迫效应,而黑碳气溶胶具有较强的正气候强迫效应.在分析影响气溶胶性质的各种因素时发现,气溶胶性质除受外在环境因素影响外,也受内在的自身因素的相互影响.对卫星遥感气溶胶的原理及其在卫星遥感反演中气溶胶多种性质间复杂的相互关系进行了论述,并针对未来气溶胶的研究提出建议.