黑土不同粒径有机-矿质复合体对镉的吸附特性

采用振荡平衡法研究了黑土不同粒级有机-矿质复合体对Cd2+的吸附等温过程和吸附动力学过程,并采用常见数值模型进行了拟合. 结果表明,原土及各粒级复合体对Cd2+的吸附量随平衡液中ρ(Cd2+)的增加而增加. 各粒级组分对Cd2+的吸附量表现为黏粒＞粉粒＞原土＞粗砂＞细砂. Langmuir和Freundlich方程对Cd2+的等温吸附过程均有较好的拟合效果,线性方程拟合效果较差. 最大吸附量与吸附作用强度均呈随粒径增大而减小的趋势. 对影响最大吸附量和吸附作用强度的因子进行回归分析表明,w(有机质)、CEC(阳离子交换量)和比表面积的影响较大,其中w(有机质)是最主要因素,CEC和比表面积的影响次之. 各粒级复合体对土壤吸附Cd2+的贡献率为粉粒＞细砂＞黏粒＞粗砂,99%的Cd2+吸附在＜200 μm的组分上. 不同粒级组分对Cd2+的吸附动力学过程可分为0~20 min的快速反应阶段（吸附量均达到饱和吸附量的90%以上）和慢速反应阶段. 各组分对Cd2+的吸附符合二级动力学过程,表明吸附过程以化学吸附为主,并且吸附速率随颗粒粒径的增大而减小.      

半干旱地区黑碳气溶胶和含碳气体特征及来源

利用2009年9月~2010年6月兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL)多角度吸收分光光度计(MAAP-5012)观测数据、CO和CO2气体成分混合比数据,分析了西北半干旱地区黑碳气溶胶和含碳气体特征、影响源地,以及影响黑碳浓度的排放物类型.结果表明BC、CO、CO2平均浓度分别为1.75μg/m3、601.71×10-9、387.78×10-6.利用后向轨迹模式将从观测站西部和东部输送过来的气流区分开,气流从东部来时,BC、CO、CO2浓度分别为1.38μg/m3、462.79×10-9、383.03×10-6;气流从西部来时,BC、CO、CO2浓度分别为2.2μg/m3、768.38×10-9、393.47×10-6.对500m、1500m、3000m高度气流来向的发源地进行聚类分析,发现3个高度上气流从中东、中亚及欧洲区域传输过来时,BC、CO、CO2浓度较高,△BC/△CO、△CO/△CO2值较大,说明燃料燃烧效率较低;气流从我国华北华中地区传输过来时,BC、CO、CO2浓度较低,△BC/△CO、△CO/△CO2值较小,表明燃料燃烧效率较高.     

山美水库表层沉积物黑碳分布特征及其对磷形态的影响

对亚热带水库福建山美水库表层沉积物黑碳的时空分布特征及其对不同形态磷的影响进行了研究.结果表明,山美水库表层沉积物黑碳(BC)含量为2.44~5.28g/kg,与国外研究水库水平相当,显著高于国内外海岸带沉积物黑碳水平.黑碳整体分布特征为:丰水期>枯水期, 入库区>库尾>近坝区>库中.沉积物中黑碳与总有机碳呈现显著的正相关性,与沉积物粒径分布无明显相关关系.黑碳与有机碳比值平均为24.95%,表明黑碳来源复杂,是陆源生物质燃烧和化石燃料燃烧的共同结果.黑碳与有机磷和铁铝结合态磷这两种易释放磷之间显著相关,其对有机磷和铁铝结合态磷具有一定的吸附固定作用,这种吸附作用可能对沉积物内源磷释放具有一定的抑制效应.     

Effects of nano carbon black and single-layer graphene oxide on settlement,survival and swimming behaviour of Amphibalanus amphitrite larvae

The effects of two carbon-based nanomaterials, nano-sized carbon black (nCB), and single-layer graphene oxide (GO) on settlement of Amphibalanus amphitrite (Cirripedia, Crustacea) cypris larvae (cyprids) were assessed after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure. Additionally, the effects of these nanomaterials on the mortality and swimming behaviour of the nauplius larvae (nauplii) of the same organism were determined after 24 and 48 h. The data indicate that nCB is more effective as a potential antisettlement agent than single-layer GO; moreover, nCB did not show any adverse effects on the larvae. The swimming behaviour of II stage nauplii of A. amphitrite exposed to a suspension of nCB was inhibited only at very high nCB concentrations (≥0.5 mg/mL). Single-layer GO, on the contrary, showed lower antisettlement effects and was more active in altering the survival and inhibiting the swimming behaviour of the nauplii. An indication of the toxic or non-toxic mechanisms of the antisettlement properties of both of these nanomaterials is provided by the reversibility of the antisettlement activity. In conclusion, we propose nCB as an innovative antifouling nanomaterial that shows low toxicity towards the model organism (crustaceans) used in this study.     

Adsorption property of direct fast black onto acid-thermal modified sepiolite and optimization of adsorption conditions using Box-Behnken response surface methodology

The adsorption of direct fast black onto acid-thermal modified sepiolite was investigated. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to evaluate the influences of experimental parameters such as initial dye concentration, initial solution pH and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption process. The three-factor and three-level Box-Behnken response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized for modeling and optimization of the adsorption conditions for direct fast black onto the acid-thermal modified sepiolite. The raw sepiolite was converted to acid-thermal modified sepiolite, and changes in the fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) adsorption bands of the sample were noted at 3435 cm^-1 and 1427 cm^-1. The zeolitic water disappeared and the purity of sepiolite was improved by acid-thermal modification. The decolorization rate of direct fast black adsorbed increased from 68.2% to 98.9% on acid-thermal modified sepiolite as the initial solution pH decreased from 10 to 2. When the adsorbent dosage reached to 2.5 g·L^-1, 2.0 g·L^-1, 1.5 g·L^-1 and 1.0 g·L^-1, the decolorization rate was 90.3%, 86.7%, 61.0% and 29.8%, respectively. When initial dye concentration increased from 25 to 200 mg·L^-1, the decolorization rate decreased from 91.9% to 60.0%. The RSM results showed that the interaction between adsorbent dosage and pH to be a significant factor. The optimum conditions were as follows: the adsorbent dosage 1.99 g·L^-1, pH 4.22, and reaction time 5.2 h. Under these conditions, the decolorization rate was 95.1%. The three dimensional fluorescence spectra of direct fast black before and after treatment showed that the direct fast black was almost all adsorbed by the acid-thermal modified sepiolite.     

氮肥管理措施对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同氮肥管理措施(农民常规施肥、减氮20%、添加硝化抑制剂、施用控释肥)对黑土玉米田温室气体排放的影响.结果表明:黑土玉米田施肥(基肥和追肥)后1~3d出现N2O排放峰,施肥后16d内N2O排放量占生育期总排放量的28.8%~41.9%.减施氮肥20%显著降低土壤N2O排放,生育期内的N2O累积排放量减少了17.6%~46.1%,综合温室效应降低30.7%~67.8%,温室气体排放强度降低29.1%~67.0%.等氮量投入时,添加吡啶抑制剂土壤N2O排放量、综合温室效应和温室气体排放强度最低.玉米拔节~乳熟期出现了较强的土壤CO2排放,黑土玉米田是大气中CH4的一个较弱的“汇”,施氮和添加硝化抑制剂对黑土玉米田CO2排放和CH4吸收没有显著影响.添加硝化抑制剂和施用控释肥不影响玉米产量.在本试验条件下,减氮20%并添加吡啶抑制剂在保证玉米产量的同时, 减排增收效果优于其他施肥措施,适宜在黑土区玉米种植中推广使用.     

宝鸡高新区黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及其影响因素研究

为研究宝鸡高新区黑碳(BC)气溶胶浓度的变化特征及其影响因素,利用2017年3月1日至2018年2月28日的BC气溶胶浓度、PM_(2.5)质量浓度以及风速风向数据,对该地区BC气溶胶质量浓度特征变化及其影响因子进行分析。结果表明,宝鸡高新区BC和PM_(2.5)质量浓度范围分别为0.35~6.18μg/m~3和8.01~192.20μg/m~3,平均值分别为(1.67±1.22)μg/m~3和(46.96±33.18)μg/m~3。BC气溶胶的背景质量浓度为(0.81±0.76)μg/m~3。BC与PM_(2.5)的相关系数为0.673,呈正相关。观测期间10—12月BC质量浓度较其他月份相对较高,其季节变化由大到小依次为冬季秋季春季夏季,这可能与采暖季用煤及气象条件不同有关。BC气溶胶的日变化有峰谷值,峰值出现在07:00—09:00和20:00—22:00,谷值出现在14:00—16:00。BC和PM_(2.5)质量浓度均随污染等级加重而增加。宝鸡高新区BC污染在西北风向下较为严重,且此时风速较小,BC质量浓度与风速的相关系数分别为-0.438,呈负相关,静风和非静风条件下BC平均质量浓度分别为2.50μg/m~3和1.53μg/m~3,表明静风条件下,污染物容易累积,导致BC质量浓度升高。     

黑磷纳米片制备、表征及其对斜生栅藻的毒性效应

黑磷纳米片（Black Phosphorus nanosheets,BPNSs）具有广泛的应用前景,而关于BPNSs的安全性研究还十分匮乏.为探究BPNSs对水生生物的毒性作用,本研究通过液相剥离法制备得到厚度为（58.05±36.48） nm,横向尺寸为（541.25±176.22） nm的BPNSs,选择初级生产者斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）为受试生物开展了毒性效应研究.将斜生栅藻暴露于0、10、50、100 mg·L^-1 BPNSs中,结果表明：各浓度的BPNSs均抑制斜生栅藻的生长,120 h时的EC₅₀为74.86 mg·L^-1;与对照组相比,各处理组叶绿素a （Chlorophyll a）含量降低且呈剂量-效应关系,表明BPNSs对斜生栅藻光合系统产生了损害;暴露48 h后3个处理组的活性氧（Reactive oxygen species,ROS）含量显著升高,表明BPNSs对斜生栅藻造成了氧化损伤;显微观测（100×）发现处理组的藻细胞被BPNSs包裹,表明BPNSs可能通过吸附作用团聚在斜生栅藻表面;场发射电子扫描显微镜（FE-SEM）观测发现处理组的藻细胞形态受到显著破坏,表明BPNSs对斜生栅藻产生了物理损伤.本实验结果能够为后续BPNSs在水环境食物链中的潜在富集风险相关研究提供理论支撑.     

碱法制浆造纸废水生物膜法达标排放技术

本文介绍了一种适用于碱法麦草制浆造纸废水达标排放处理工艺－生物膜法。在对四个示范工程的前期试验试验研究中证实了生物膜法在碱法麦草浆造纸废水处理的技术和经济可行性。     

四川辖曼自然保护区黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)的数量及分布

通过１９９７０７２４～１９９７０８１７对四川辖曼自然保护区的调查,发现黑颈鹤２６９只．通过平均密度法估算整个保护区有４０７只,其主要分布在伏流宽谷沼泽和湖泊洼地沼泽,其最适生境是湿润及水体沼泽区,偶见于草坡．由于自然环境的变迁及人为活动的干扰,黑颈鹤的栖息繁殖环境及整个湿地生态系统的稳定性正受到极大的威胁,需进一步加强保护