微库仑法测定新疆棉浆粕企业废水中可吸附有机卤素AOX

建立微库仑滴定法测定水质中可吸附有机卤素AOX的方法,考察3种活性炭柱对于空白的影响。实验结果表明,AOX的检出限为2.19μg/L,相对标准偏差为2.80%,纯水中高、中、低加标回收率在92.5%~107%,新疆棉浆粕企业废水中加标回收率为96.0%~101%。实验室空白也只有新购开封的耶拿原装活性炭小柱能满足标准要求的空白值(<30μg/L)。     

酸析-活性炭纤维吸附预处理精制棉黑液

采用酸析-活性炭纤维吸附工艺去除精制棉黑液中的有机物,先用酸析法去除木质素,再用活性炭纤维吸附黑液中的剩余有机物。采用紫外-可见(UV-vis)吸收光谱、傅立叶转换红外吸收光谱(FTIR)和明亮发光菌水质急性毒性法等手段分析处理前后的精制棉黑液。研究表明,黑液中主要有机成分为愈创基(G-)和羟苯基(H-)木质素。在pH为2.0,活性炭纤维用量为90 g/L,温度为40°C,吸附时间为5 h的条件下,COD去除率可以达到85%。活性炭纤维对酸析后精制棉黑液的吸附热力学符合Redlich-Peterson经验吸附模型,吸附动力学符合伪二级动力学模型,吸附为吸热过程。酸析-吸附过程使精制棉黑液急性毒性去除率达到95%以上,为后续生物法处理提供了有利条件。     

Fe(0)-EDTA-空气体系降解活性黑染料废水

利用Fe(0)-EDTA-空气(ZEA)体系处理活性黑模拟染料废水。考察了活性黑初始浓度、反应温度、EDTA浓度和溶液酸度对降解效果的影响,用紫外可见吸收光谱检测了染料的降解过程。结果表明,Fe(0)-EDTA混合物在室温常压下,能够活化空气中的氧分子,进而使染料快速降解,升高温度和增加溶液酸度均能提高降解率。在pH为5.35,活性黑初始浓度为25 mg/L,EDTA浓度为0.1 mmol/L,Fe粉用量0.20 g,温度25℃时,脱色率达到95.60%,符合1级反应动力学。     

北上台风生成和路径的卫星云图特征研究

对在太平洋上北上转向登陆日本的台风的生成和移动,利用卫星云图分析和云顶黑体温度计算作了研究。得出结论认为如果有一条或几条长达500～1000km以上的长云带卷入,且云顶黑体温度降低到-70℃以下,而-60℃的范围扩大到3×4个纬距以上,则热带低压很可能在24h以内发展成为热带风暴－台风。本文还确认,海表面温度Tss≥29℃是台风生成最重要的环境条件。通过对北上台风移动的卫星云图特征的研究,指出台风外围卷入的长云带走向往往预示着台风的未来移向。尤其是台风南部来自SW-S-SE方向的季风汇合带云带,不仅意味着台风强度的加强和维持,更预示着台风将往北移动。     

FeSO4/H2O2/UV体系处理化纤厂棉浆粕黑液的研究

Fenton法是处理难降解有毒有机污染物的一种有效的方法.以棉浆粕黑液为研究对象,讨论了H2O2和FeSO4投加量、pH值、搅拌时间等因素对废水CODCr去除率的影响,将紫外光照引入Fenton试剂能提高废水中有毒有机污染物的降解速度,提高氧化能力 .实验确定了最佳工艺条件:pH=7,FeSO4投加量4 g/L,H2O2投加量为1.13%(V/V),搅拌时间15 min,此时CODCr去除率达到66.96%.     

潜水式生态介质箱的优化设计及其修复黑臭水体的效果比较研究

第一代潜水式生态介质箱(装置组)能修复深层黑臭水体,但其对下层水体溶解氧的增加能力有限.本文在现有第一代生态介质箱的基础上增设水下深层化学增氧器并更换环境矿物基质,视为第二代生态介质箱(联合组),分别以未经任何处理的水样(空白组)、将沉水植物种植在底泥上(苦草组)作为对照,比较了联合组、装置组、苦草组修复黑臭水体的效果...     

黑碳气溶胶研究现状

简单介绍了黑碳气溶胶的来源、生成机理、一般性质及危害,概括介绍了国内外相关领域的研究现状,指出黑碳气溶胶在气候变化以及大气环境等领域中具有重大的研究价值和意义.     

The dilemma of pest suppression in the conservation of endangered species

In the conservation of endangered species, suppression of a population of one native species to benefit another poses challenges. Examples include predator control and nest parasite reduction. Less obvious is the control of blood-feeding arthropods. We conducted a case study of the effect of native black flies (Simulium spp.) on reintroduced Whooping Cranes (Grus americana). Our intent was to provide a science-driven approach for determining the effects of blood-feeding arthropods on endangered vertebrates and identifying optimal management actions for managers faced with competing objectives. A multiyear experiment demonstrated that black flies reduce nest success in cranes by driving incubating birds off their nests. We used a decision-analytic approach to develop creative management alternatives and evaluate trade-offs among competing objectives. We identified 4 management objectives: establish a self-sustaining crane population, improve crane well-being, maintain native black flies as functional components of the ecosystem, and minimize costs. We next identified potential management alternatives: do nothing, suppress black flies, force crane renesting to occur after the activity period of black flies, relocate releases of cranes, suppress black flies and relocate releases, or force crane renesting and relocate releases. We then developed predictions on constructed scales of 0 (worst-performing alternative) to 1 (best-performing alternative) to indicate how alternative actions performed in terms of management objectives. The optimal action depended on the relative importance of each objective to a decision maker. Only relocating releases was a dominated alternative, indicating that it was not optimal regardless of the relative importance of objectives. A rational decision maker could choose any other management alternative we considered. Recognizing that decisions involve trade-offs that must be weighed by decision makers is crucial to identifying alternatives that best balance multiple management objectives. Given uncertainty about the population dynamics of blood-feeding arthropods, an adaptive management approach could offer substantial benefits.     

碱法造纸黑液木质素生物酸析法

探讨了用产酸微生物对碱法造纸黑液进行产酸发酵,使黑液由碱变酸进而沉淀分离木质素的方法．通过实验确定出最佳条件为：黑液起始ｐＨ１０,固形物含量７５ ｇ／Ｌ, 加入适量的碳源,发酵温度３５℃,静止厌氧培养４８～７２ ｈ, 黑液ｐＨ 可以降到５ 以下, 木质素提取率达到９０ ％ 以上,并能加快沉淀分离的速度．该方法对多种浆种碱法黑液具有普遍的适应性．     

Interactive effects of O3 exposure on California black oak (Quercus kelloggii Newb.) seedlings with and without N amendment

We examined the short-term separate and combined effects of simulated nitrogen (N) deposition (fertilization) and ozone (O(3)) exposure on California black oak seedlings (Quercus kelloggii Newb.), an ecologically important tree of the San Bernardino Mountains downwind of Los Angeles. Realistic concentrations of O(3) were found to cause statistically and biologically significant negative effects on plant health, including lowered photosynthetic ability, lowered water use efficiency, and increased leaf chlorosis and necrosis. When subjected to abrupt changes in light levels, O(3)-exposed plants showed both a slower and smaller response than O(3)-free plants. Fertilized plants exhibited a significantly greater pre- to post-treatment decline in A at saturated [CO(2)] and a significantly lower level of post-treatment chlorosis than unfertilized plants. Fertilization tended to reduce plant sensitivity to O(3).