Municipal solid waste management and short-term projection of the waste discard levels in Taiwan

Industrialization and urbanization result in significant changes in lifestyle. These lifestyle changes seem to lead to unsustainable consumption patterns and increase the generation of various kinds of environmental loads, especially the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW). Taiwan is a small island with scarce natural resources. The economic development in Taiwan has resulted in the generation of large amounts of MSW. As a result, the Taiwan Environmental Pollution Administration (TEPA) has produced regulations for waste minimization and has imposed several important policy measures that have successfully reduced the MSW discard rate in recent years and have established a public recycling network as a part of the MSW collection. Nowadays, the objective of the MSW policies in Taiwan is to develop a “zero-waste society.” This article aims to review the MSW management progress in Taiwan and to project future MSW discards up to 2011 based on the national plan and assumed scenarios for socioeconomic variables. According to the analysis results, a more sustainable consumption pattern can be proposed and the corresponding MSW management system can be planned so as to develop a low-waste-discard society.     

Chemical plant innovative safety investments decision-support methodology

Introduction

This article examines the extent to which investing in safety during the creation of a new chemical installation proves profitable.

Method

The authors propose a management supporting cost-benefit model that identifies and evaluates investments in safety within a chemical company. This innovative model differentiates between serious accidents and less serious accidents, thus providing an authentic image of prevention-related costs and benefits. In classic cost-benefit analyses, which do not make such differentiations, only a rudimentary image of potential profitability resulting from investments in safety is obtained.

Results

The resulting management conclusions that can be drawn from such classical analyses are of a very limited nature. The proposed model, however, is applied to a real case study and the proposed investments in safety at an appointed chemical installation are weighed against the estimated hypothetical benefits resulting from the preventive measures to be installed at the installation.

Conclusion

In the case-study carried out in question, it would appear that the proposed prevention investments are justified.

Impact on industry

Such an economic exercise may be very important to chemical corporations trying to (further) improve their safety investments.     

复杂环境下场平石方爆破与安全技术

场平爆破南北各有1个加油站,临近公路和高压线,对爆破振动和飞石控制严格,爆破设计和施工难度较大.介绍了该复杂环境下场平石方爆破设计和安全技术,可供类似工程参考.     

基于AIC准则优选AR模型研究我国生产事故

目前,由于生产力水平低,安全投入不足,安全监管体制不健全等因素,国内生产安全事故仍然居高不下.将基于AIC准则进行 AR 模型优选的方法应用到我国工矿死亡人数预测中,为事故预测统计提供一种新方法,预测结果将为预防生产安全事故提供依据.     

新型高效气体扩散电极的制备与性能

评述了原位产生H₂O₂的电化学法污水处理技术中使用的主要电极,研究了用石墨制备高效气体扩散电极的方法。对石墨用HNO₃与H₃PO₄的混合液改性,石墨与聚四氟乙烯的质量比为2∶1,电极经350℃煅烧1 h,对溶解O₂还原产生H₂O₂的催化活性最高。仅在pH值很低时,电极的活性较差,在pH=3～9时,电极的活性受pH值变化影响较小。在pH=3时电解150 min,电极的电流效率始终高于72%,H₂O₂浓度达到了274.5 mg/L。     

斜井送排式通风隧道的火灾救援通风研究

公路隧道发生火灾开启横通道后,形成通风网络。本文以重庆地区吕家梁隧道为工程依托,进行了斜井前后不同位置发生火灾的通风网络模拟。结果表明,斜井前发生火灾时,受斜井浮力效应、风流密度变化等的影响,主风机的工作压力降低,而体积流量增加;当火灾发生在斜井前隧道时,采用斜井单抽方式可实现全部火灾烟流从竖井中排除,斜井前设射流风机增压调节、斜井后设射流风机增阻调节是一较好方案;对于斜井后发生火灾,采用全射流火灾通风和斜井压入两种通风方案均能满足火灾风流控制要求,虽然后者需要开启轴流风机,通风能耗大,但火灾通风的时效性要好于前者。     

北川县城汶川地震震害特征及其成因探讨

根据笔者在汶川大地震极震区北川县城现场考察的第一手资料,分析了2008年5月12日汶川8.0级大地震后北川县城的震害特征,论述了北川县城地震后建筑物、生命线工程的破坏以及次生地质灾害;并对造成各类震害的原因进行了初步的探讨。最后,在总结震害特征及其成因的基础上,提出了当前应加强研究的相关课题,旨在为今后的工程抗震设防和研究提供参考。     

Change of Flood Patterns in China under the Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities

Based on the flood affected area （FA） data of the provinces in China from 1950 to 2005, the article discusses the change of the flood patterns in China, and investigates its relationship with climate change and human activities. The flood center shifted from North China and the Yangtze-Huaihe basin in the 1950s towards the south, north and west of China, and located in the south of the Yangtze River and South China after the 1990s. The FA in the western provinces was continuously on the rise since the 1950s. There are two characteristics for the future flood pattem in China. The pattern of ＂flood in the south and drought in the north＂ depends on the north-south shift of the maximum rainfall region in eastern China. The flood intensification to the west of Hu Huanyong＇s line mainly results from the increase of rainfall, extreme precipitation and the melting of glaciers under the background of human activity magnification.     

吉林市江北化工区环境容量研究

本文通过对吉林市江北化工区内、外的大气污染物SO2排放调查,以及环境空气中SO2浓度调查,并应用多源模型（ISC3）,结合B值削减分配法计算江北化工区环境空气中SO2的环境容量,计算出该区域的剩余环境容量为16732．04t／a。     

在役长输管道动态数据源组件(ADO)技术在剩余强度安全评定系统中的实现

采用Borland C++builder6.0开发工具,以英国标准BS7910剩余强度评价规范为蓝本,并结合实际应用特点,提出动态数据源组件(ADO)技术在该案例的应用,开发适用于以平面型缺陷为主的剩余强度安全评价系统。解决在役长输管道剩余强度安全评定系统中复杂数据的科学转换,实现软件接口的高效、通用性数据访问。根据评定结果与实际实验数据对比表明,该应用与实际误差达到工程检测设计标准。