CANON工艺处理猪场沼液的启动及微生物种群结构分析

在连续流合建式反应器内接种普通活性污泥,以实际猪场沼液作为进水,保持温度为(30±1)℃,控制低溶解氧(DO浓度为(0.5±0.1)mg·L~(-1)),通过分阶段提高氨氮浓度的方式启动CANON(Completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite)工艺,同时采用高通量测序技术对反应器启动前后的微生物种群结构进行分析.结果表明,反应器可在210 d实现成功启动CANON工艺,启动成功后,当猪场沼液进水氨氮浓度为450 mg·L~(-1)时,氨氮和总氮的去除率分别达到69.8%和61.1%;出水(NO_3~--N+NO_2~--N)/ΔNH_4~+接近0.11.同时,CANON工艺启动成功后,微生物种群结构发生了很大的变化:其优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(36.16%)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)(14.22%)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)(11.07%)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)(10.41%)和绿菌门(Chlorobi)(12.82%);与脱氮功能相关的菌属为Candidatus_Brocadia (ANAMMOX菌)、Nitrosomonas(AOB菌)、Comamonadaceae(反硝化菌)和Xanthomonadaceae(反硝化菌)等.     

Evidence of Large-Scale Chronic Eutrophication in the Great Barrier Reef: Quantification of Chlorophyll a Thresholds for Sustaining Coral Reef Communities

Long-term monitoring data show that hard coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) has reduced by >70 % over the past century. Although authorities and many marine scientists were in denial for many years, it is now widely accepted that this reduction is largely attributable to the chronic state of eutrophication that exists throughout most of the GBR. Some reefs in the far northern GBR where the annual mean chlorophyll a (Chl a) is in the lower range of the proposed Eutrophication Threshold Concentration for Chl a (~0.2–0.3 mg m⁻³) show little or no evidence of degradation over the past century. However, the available evidence suggests that coral diseases and the crown-of-thorns starfish will proliferate in such waters and hence the mandated eutrophication Trigger values for Chl a (~0.4–0.45 mg m⁻³) will need to be decreased to ~0.2 mg m⁻³ for sustaining coral reef communities.     

Identifying Reefs of Hope and Hopeful Actions: Contextualizing Environmental, Ecological, and Social Parameters to Respond Effectively to Climate Change

Abstract:  Priorities for conservation, management, and associated activities will differ based on the interplay between nearness of ecosystems to full recovery from a disturbance (pristineness), susceptibility to climate change (environmental susceptibility [ES]), and capacity of human communities to cope with and adapt to change (social adaptive capacity [AC]). We studied 24 human communities and adjacent coral reef ecosystems in 5 countries of the southwestern Indian Ocean. We used ecological measures of abundance and diversity of fishes and corals, estimated reef pristineness, and conducted socioeconomic household surveys to determine the AC of communities adjacent to selected coral reefs. We also used Web-based oceanographic and coral mortality data to predict each site's ES to climate warming. Coral reefs of Mauritius and eastern Madagascar had low ES and consequently were not predicted to be affected strongly by warm water, although these sites were differentiated by the AC of the human community. The higher AC in Mauritius may increase the chances for successful self-initiated recovery and protective management of reefs of this island. In contrast, Madagascar may require donor support to build AC as a prerequisite to preservation efforts. The Seychelles and Kenya had high ES, but their levels of AC and disturbance differed. The high AC in the Seychelles could be used to develop alternatives to dependence on coral reef resources and reduce the effects of climate change. Pristineness weighted toward measures of fish recovery was greatest for Kenya's marine protected areas; however, most protected areas in the region were far from pristine. Conservation priorities and actions with realistic chances for success require knowledge of where socioecological systems lie among the 3 axes of environment, ecology, and society.     

某城市污水处理厂污泥固化处理研究

课题依托哈尔滨某污水处理厂,通过建立L9(34)正交试验,选取水泥、石灰、煤灰掺入比例以及养护时间为主要影响因素,以固化块的抗压强度和COD浸出浓度为评价指标,得到各因素的影响度大小排序为:水泥养护天数石灰煤灰,优化固化条件为水泥掺入比例15%,石灰掺入比例2%,煤灰10%养护天数6 d。以此为基础进行延展实验,探讨以上因素对污泥固化效果的影响,获得最佳配方。     

精制棉废水处理技术进展研究

精制棉广泛用于食品、医药、电子和日化等行业,但废水量大,尤其是蒸煮黑液,色度高、COD值高和可生化性差,处理的工艺复杂、处理成本较高,一直是环境工程领域的难点.本文首先介绍了精制棉废水的来源及性质,重点分析和总结了精制棉废水的炉渣和粉煤灰、酸析、电解和高级氧化预处理技术,并对精制棉废水的生物处理技术和工程实践进行了概括总结.针对精制棉废水的来源和性质,对精制棉废水处理技术的发展方向进行了展望.     

光电Fenton技术处理污泥深度脱水液研究

以光电Fenton技术处理污泥深度脱水液,试验结果表明,利用光电Fenton技术能快速有效地去除废水中的污染物.在最佳试验条件下,即初始pH为3.0,H2O2投加量65.3 mmol·L-1,FeSO4投加量6.53 mmol·L-1[n(Fe2+)∶n(H2O2)=1∶10),外加电压为7.5 V时,经光电Fenton技术处理20 min后污泥脱水液的COD去除率可以达到59.0%.同时TOC、TN、NH+4-N及TP的去除率也分别达到了49.3%、20.6%、73.6%和96.5%.该项研究为光电Fenton技术在废水处理中的应用提供了参考.     

UASBB厌氧氨氧化反应器处理污泥脱水液的影响因素研究

研究基质质量浓度、温度、pH值、HRT和C/N比对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的影响.试验水样采用污泥脱水液,控制进水ρ(NH+4-N)/ρ(NO-2-N)为1∶1.32,分别考察了在不同基质质量浓度、HRT、温度、pH值和C/N比的情况下,UASBB厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮性能.结果表明,在进水NH+4-N和NO-2-N质量浓度分别为200 mg·L-1和264 mg·L-1、HRT=24 h、温度为30～35℃、pH值为7.5～8.5、C/N比在0.5左右的条件下,厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮效果最佳,NH+4-N、NO-2-N和TN平均去除率分别达到75.72%、76.36%和70.19%,TN平均容积负荷可达0.464 kg·(m3·d)-1,COD平均去除率在30%左右.通过合理控制进水基质质量浓度和HRT能够有效地提高厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮性能.只有在适宜的温度和pH值范围内,厌氧氨氧化菌才能表现出较高的活性.当进水添加有机物时,厌氧氨氧化反应器中存在反硝化现象,且随着有机物质量浓度的升高,异养反硝化菌的竞争优势逐渐增强,对厌氧氨氧化产生明显的抑制作用.     

垃圾填埋场稳定化研究（Ⅰ）

通过填埋场的实验室规模的模拟实验，研究了负温和低温条件下城市生活垃圾的降解行为。经８个月的阵解，发现含水率、污泥的加入以及高温均有利于位圾降解。菜类垃圾的降解率为５０％以上：而含水率为６０％的混合垃圾，降解率为２０％以下。测定了单位垃圾产生的气体和浸取液量以及浸取液的化学耗氧量、含水率和无机残渣。讨论了本工作在寒区填埋场工艺设计的实践意义。     

疏水性型煤粘结剂的制备及应用

以食醋酿造厂的废渣醋糟的石墨生产中的碱性废液为原料,制备疏水性型煤粘结剂。通过正交试验确定了粘结剂的最佳制备条件。制得的粘结剂有强的粘结性,与煤粉混合经辊压制成的型煤耐水性好,跌落强度和抗压强度均达轾国家工业型煤攻关指标。     

γ-FeOOH-草酸系统中橙黄I的光化学脱色

以8W黑光灯为光源,γ-FeOOH为催化剂,加入草酸构成光化学Fenton体系,研究了这一体系中橙黄I的光化学脱色动力学;考察了橙黄I的初始浓度、初始pH值和草酸初始浓度对橙黄I光化学脱色降解的影响.结果表明,草酸能显著促进橙黄I的脱色与降解,橙黄I光化学脱色一级动力学常数随草酸浓度的增大呈先升后降的趋势,最佳草酸初始浓度为1·8mmol·L-1;溶液pH值的变化也显著影响橙黄I的脱色.光化学反应过程中Fe2+和总Fe的浓度也随草酸浓度与反应时间的变化而变化.