Remediation of arsenic-contaminated paddy field by a new iron oxidizing strain (Ochrobactrum sp.) and iron-modified biochar

Iron-oxidizing strain (FeOB) and iron modified biochars have been shown arsenic (As) remediation ability in the environment. However, due to the complicated soil environment, few field experiment has been conducted. The study was conducted to investigate the potential of iron modified biochar (BC-FeOS) and biomineralization by a new found FeOB to remediate As-contaminated paddy field. Compared with the control, the As contents of G_B (BC-FeOS), G_F (FeOB), G_FN (FeOB and nitrogen fertilizer), G_BF (BC-FeOS and FeOB) and G_BFN (BC-FeOS, FeOB and nitrogen fertilizer) treatments in pore water decreased by 36.53%–80.03% and the microbial richness of iron-oxidizing bacteria in these treatments increased in soils at the rice maturation stage. The concentrations of available As of G_B, G_F, G_FN, G_BF and G_BFN at the tillering stage were significantly decreased by 10.78%–55.48%. The concentrations of nonspecifically absorbed and specifically absorbed As fractions of G_B, G_F, G_FN, G_BF and G_BFN in soils were decreased and the amorphous and poorly crystalline hydrated Fe and Al oxide-bound fraction was increased. Moreover, the As contents of G_B, G_F, G_FN, G_BF and G_BFN in rice grains were significantly decreased (*P < 0.05) and the total As contents of G_FN, G_BF and G_BFN were lower than the standard limit of the National Standard for Food Safety (GB 2762-2017). Compared with the other treatments, G_BFN showed the greatest potential for the effective remediation of As-contaminated paddy fields.     

壳聚糖纤维对芦荟大黄素吸附及其抑藻机理研究

针对蓝藻水华问题,选取壳聚糖纤维和芦荟大黄素为原材料,制备了负载芦荟大黄素的壳聚糖纤维（CS-AE纤维）.研究了壳聚糖纤维对芦荟大黄素的吸附效果以及复合材料对铜绿微囊藻的生长抑制能力.结果表明,芦荟大黄素可以有效地负载到壳聚糖纤维上,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Freundlich等温线模型,属于化学吸附.吸附平衡时间为240 min,最适吸附温度为30℃,芦荟大黄素的初始浓度为100mg·L^-1时,实际吸附量为19.06 mg·g^-1.抑藻实验表明,CS-AE纤维能够有效地抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,当投加量为0.6 g·L^-1时,第12 d的抑藻率可达77.6%.实验期间,处理组中藻细胞膜结构发生改变,丙二醛（MDA）含量显著增加;叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素和藻胆蛋白含量逐渐下降,其中对藻胆蛋白的抑制率显著高于对叶绿a和类胡萝卜素的抑制率.藻细胞的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势;此外,CS-AE纤维能够有效去除藻毒素.综上推断,CS-AE纤维通过破坏铜绿微囊藻的细胞结构,光合系统,以及...     

水足迹视角下黄土高原经济林果扩张的水安全风险分析——以苹果种植为例

以苹果为主的黄土高原经济林果种植规模持续扩张,耗水量不断增多,潜在的水安全风险增大。量化苹果生产水足迹,讨论苹果生产扩张带来的水安全风险,对科学指导未来黄土高原苹果健康发展具有重要意义。本文基于ArcGIS和CROPWAT软件,选取2000—2019年黄土高原44个市（州）,探究了苹果水足迹的时空分布规律及水安全风险。结果表明：2000—2019年,黄土高原苹果种植面积增长了1.3倍,产量增长了3.1倍,呈“北移西扩”的发展趋势;苹果绿水足迹占比的空间分布与降雨量基本一致,从东南向西北递减,蓝水足迹空间分布正好相反;苹果水足迹总量从74.42亿m³增长到108.04亿m³,占农业耗水量的比例由42.78%提升至65.63%,灰水足迹占比高达13.88%,黄土高原苹果生产面临严峻的水安全风险。因此,应适度控制黄土高原苹果种植规模的进一步扩张。本文可为评价黄土高原苹果种植规模扩张背后的水安全风险提供依据。     

不同原料生物质炭DOM组分成分特性

不同原料的生物质炭DOM含量和组分存在差异,选取水稻秸秆（RS）、小麦秸秆（WS）、大豆秸秆（SS）、油菜秸秆（YS）、花生壳（PH）、松木屑（PW）和竹粉（BS）7种生物质原料在450 ℃下制备的生物质炭,采用紫外-可见光光谱（UV-vis）、荧光光谱（EEM）结合平行因子分析（PARAFAC）技术对生物质炭中DOM的光谱特征和荧光组分进行表征.结果表明：木本类生物质炭的DOM含量较秸秆类生物质炭低,分子量较高.从生物质炭DOM中鉴定分离可见区类富里酸组分（C1）、较短波长类腐殖酸组分（C2）、较长波长类腐殖酸组分（C3）和类蛋白质组分（C4）等4种组分.不同原料生物质炭DOM各组分的最大荧光强度（F_max）值表现为C1 ＞ C2 ＞ C3 、C4,秸秆类炭DOM各组分的F_max值显著高于木本类.生物质炭DOM中以C1组分占主导地位,占比达48.87% ~ 79.97%.C2、C3组分在YSB、SSB-DOM中占比最高,分别达32.71%和23.25% ,仅在YSB和PHB-DOM中发现少量C4组分.木本类原料的有机和无机矿物含量远低于秸秆类,原料中纤维素含量与生物质炭DOM总量及其C3组分呈显著的正相关关系, Ca含量与生物质炭的DOM含量及其F_max值和C3组分呈显著正相关,说明不同生物质原料的组成对生物质炭DOM组成特性具有显著的影响,研究结果为全面评估不同原料生物质炭DOM的环境效应提供重要的科学理论依据.     

土壤改良对豫中烟田甲烷吸收的影响

为探究不同土壤改良措施对豫中烟田甲烷（CH₄）吸收规律的影响,以中烟100为供试品种,利用静态密闭暗箱法对烤烟-土壤生态系统CH₄吸收速率进行了周年测定.采用随机区组试验,共设置5个处理：不施肥（NF）、仅施用氮磷钾（NPK）、氮磷钾+种植并翻压黑麦草（NPKG）、氮磷钾+小麦秸秆还田（NPKS）和氮磷钾+施用烟秆生物炭（NPKB）.结果表明,2020年所有处理CH₄排放速率为-98.45~-13.50 μg·m^-2·h^-1,表明试验田是CH₄的吸收汇,CH₄的吸收速率随着温度的升高而增加,呈现明显的季节变化规律.在烤烟生育期,CH₄吸收速率与土壤孔隙含水率（WFPS）和土壤硝态氮含量均呈负相关,与土壤温度呈正相关.在休闲期,影响CH₄吸收速率的主要因素是土壤温度.与NPK相比,生育期NPKB处理的土壤孔隙含水率显著提高13.63%,NPKG、NPKS和NPKB处理的硝态氮和铵态氮含量均显著升高.所有处理CH₄全年吸收总量为3.25~3.83 kg·hm^-2,NPKG、NPKS和NPKB处理CH₄吸收总量较NPK处理分别显著降低了6.59%、6.82%、12.49%.添加有机物料能够显著提高 烟叶产量,其中,NPKG处理的烟叶产量最高.综合以上结果,该地区采用种植并翻压黑麦草的土壤改良措施较为合适.     

Environmental impacts and implications of tropical carrageenophyte seaweed farming

Field-based cultivation of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma seaweeds is widespread across the tropics and is largely done to extract the polysaccharide carrageenan, which is used in commercial applications. Although such seaweed farming has been cited as a sustainable alternative livelihood to destructive fishing, there has not been a comprehensive review of its environmental impacts to assess its potential conservation benefit. We reviewed the peer-reviewed and industry gray literature to determine what is known about seaweed farming techniques and their impacts on local ecosystems, organisms, and ecosystem services. We identified 43 tropical or subtropical countries that are currently cultivating or have cultivated carrageenophytes. Ecosystem impacts of seaweed farming were measured directly in 33 publications with variable results. Placement of seaweed farms above seagrass beds led to reduced productivity and shoot density in 5 studies and reduced or altered meiofaunal abundance and diversity in 6 studies. On coral reefs, overgrowth of corals by farmed seaweed species was documented in 8 cases. Two studies showed changes to herbivorous fish communities in adjacent areas because seaweed farms changed the environment, whereas in 2 studies measures of overall abundance or diversity did not change. The impacts of seaweed farming may not be as destructive as some other human activities, but they should still be considered when establishing new farms or managing existing farm sites. Our findings are consistent with suggestions to mitigate impact on local ecosystems by shifting seaweed farms to deeper, sandy-bottom areas. However, some of these changes may adversely affect farmers and associated communities.     

Bioremediation of aquaculture wastewater from Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) with different microalgae species

Current aquaculture practices have a detrimental impact on the environment, in particular due to the release of high concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus that can induce eutrophication. This study investigates and compares the capacity of three microalgae species Tetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana and Dunaliella tertiolecta, in the bioremediation of grey mullet Mugil cephalus wastewater. The experiment was conducted in batch conditions for 7 days using completely mixed bubble column photobioreactors. After two days, T. suecica and D. tertiolecta were able to remove more than 90% of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorous (DIP), whereas I. galbana removed only 32% and 79% of DIN and DIP, respectively. A higher biomass yield resulted for T. suecica (603?±?34?mg/L, mean?±?SE). This study confirms the potential to employ T. suecica in an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture system for bioremediation of wastewater and identifies D. tertiolecta as another valid candidate species. Moreover, these species can growth in unsterilized culture media, and this reduces energy consumption, costs and efforts.     

改性污泥基生物炭的性质与重金属吸附效果

为提高污泥基生物炭在高钙溶液体系中对重金属阳离子的吸附能力,将Fe₂O₃、MnO₂、ZnO与市政污泥以质量比1 ∶10（以过渡金属元素质量计）混合共热解,制备改性生物炭;表征改性生物炭的组成、官能团分布和表面性质,考察其对典型重金属阳离子Cd²⁺的吸附效果.过渡金属氧化物可促进污泥的热解,改性生物炭的H/C原子比均低于0.31,碳链裂解脱氢更彻底.改性生物炭中Fe、Mn保留较好,分别主要以单质和氧化物形态存在;而Zn流失较多.改性生物炭中的孔隙以介孔为主,平均孔径约3.8 nm,比表面积在50 m²·g^-1以上.初始浓度约200 mg·L^-1的Cd²⁺溶液中,Ca²⁺初始浓度从0 mg·L^-1升高到约200 mg·L^-1,Fe改性生物炭对Cd²⁺的吸附容量从43.17 mg·g^-1降至27.88 mg·g^-1,但仍较未改性生物炭高10 mg·g^-1以上,在含钙溶液体系中表现出了对Cd²⁺更强的吸附性能.Fe₂O₃较MnO₂和ZnO对市政污泥基生物炭吸附重金属的强化效果更好.     

Instream Large Wood: Denitrification Hotspots with Low N2O Production

We examined the effect of instream large wood on denitrification capacity in two contrasting, lower order streams — one that drains an agricultural watershed with no riparian forest and minimal stores of instream large wood and another that drains a forested watershed with an extensive riparian forest and abundant instream large wood. We incubated two types of wood substrates (fresh wood blocks and extant streambed wood) and an artificial stone substrate for nine weeks in each stream. After in situ incubation, we collected the substrates and their attached biofilms and established laboratory‐based mesocosm assays with stream water amended with ¹⁵N‐labeled nitrate‐N. Wood substrates at the forested site had significantly higher denitrification than wood substrates from the agricultural site and artificial stone substrates from either site. Nitrate‐N removal rates were markedly higher on woody substrates compared to artificial stones at both sites. Nitrate‐N removal rates were significantly correlated with biofilm biomass. Denitrification capacity accounted for only a portion of nitrate‐N removal observed within the mesocosms in both the wood controls and instream substrates. N₂ accounted for 99.7% of total denitrification. Restoration practices that generate large wood in streams should be encouraged for N removal and do not appear to generate high risks of instream N₂O generation.     

草木灰对亚甲基蓝的吸附研究

本实验目的是研究草木灰对吸附亚甲基蓝的去除效果,探讨了亚甲基蓝初始量、吸附时间、pH值等对吸附效果的影响,并运用伪一级、伪二级反应动力学模型和Laugmuir、Freundlich等温线模型进行拟合。结果表明,草木灰对亚甲基蓝溶液的吸附在5 min~30 min速率比较快,约在65 min内达到吸附平衡,pH越大越有利于吸附,浓度在5mg/L时草木灰对亚甲基蓝的吸附最佳。与伪二级动力学曲线模型拟合效果较好,由Laugmuir等温线模型计算得出理论最大吸附容量Qm为2.275 mg/g,吸附性能优异。