用杀藻剂抑制湖泊蓝藻水华的尝试

近 年来，各 种污染 导 致滇 池 水 体的 水 质呈 现 严 重的 富 营养 化 状 态， 蓝藻 泛 滥， 水 面 藻如 浮油。在一般 区 域 内， 藻 量 ５ ０００ ～７ ０００ 万 个／ Ｌ、叶 绿 素 － ａ ４００ ｍ ｇ／ ｍ ３ 、 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ Ｃｒ１８ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ、 Ｂ Ｏ Ｄ５１６ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ、透明 度３２ｃ ｍ 。在藻类 滋生的严 重的水域 ，藻量高 达１２ ０００ 万 个／ Ｌ， 水体 透明 度为 零。１９９８年５ 月至 ６ 月在云 南省昆明 市 滇池 外 海及 草海 ，采 用 Ｂ Ｃ ６５５ 杀藻 剂 进行 了现 场 杀藻 试 验。 试验结果表 明，在藻 类繁殖最 严重的区 域投加 杀藻 剂６ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ 时杀 藻率 达７８ ％ 以 上； 投加 量 １５ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ 时杀藻率 达９０ ％ 以上 ；用絮凝剂 除去部 分蓝藻后 ，只需投 加３ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ，杀藻率即 可达到 ９９ ％ 以上     

Do female roe deer in good condition produce more sons than daughters

In polygynous roe deer Capreolus capreolus, males are only slightly heavier than females and the overall sex ratio at birth is close to unity. We studied offspring sex ratio and litter size (range 1–4, n = 74) of culled females, in utero, which provided an opportunity to examine responses of sex ratio to maternal condition. Male embryos were heavier than their sisters, and male fawns (9 months old) heavier than female fawns, suggesting a higher growth rate in males. There was no evidence for differential mortality between the sexes from birth to 9 months old. Heavier adult females produced larger embryos than lighter, or primiparous females. The overall sex ratio of embryos did not differ from unity, but adult does had more male embryos (55%) than primiparous does (32%), and the proportion of male embryos in a litter increased with the mother's body mass. Litter size also tended to increase with maternal age and body mass. We argue that this pattern reflects adaptive variation in offspring sex ratio.     

西安地区旅游景点水体卫生细菌学调查及保护对策

以粪大肠菌和异养细菌总数做指标，对西安地区旅游景点水体的卫生细菌学状况进行了调查。结果表明，西安市区内旅游景点的人工湖、天然湖等大都受到不同程度的污染，而离市区较远、海拔较高的旅游景点则污染较轻。     

深基坑边坡支护信息化施工技术研究

运用位移监控信息、土体平衡原理、护壁桩支撑设计原理指导深基坑支护适应基坑深度变大的难题,具有施工方便、经济、安全的、工期短等特点,为在闹市区深基坑支护施工提供了经验.图1,表1,参7.     

Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Its Loss in Mammalian Populations

Abstract:  Policy aimed at conserving biodiversity has focused on species diversity. Loss of genetic diversity, however, can affect population persistence, evolutionary potential, and individual fitness. Although mammals are a well-studied taxonomic group, a comprehensive assessment of mammalian genetic diversity based on modern molecular markers is lacking. We examined published microsatellite data from populations of 108 mammalian species to evaluate background patterns of genetic variability across taxa and body masses. We tested for loss of genetic diversity at the population level by asking whether populations that experienced demographic threats exhibited lower levels of genetic diversity. We also evaluated the effect of ascertainment bias (a reduction in variability when microsatellite primers are transferred across species) on our assessment of genetic diversity. Heterozygosity did not vary with body mass across species ranging in size from shrews to whales. Differences across taxonomic groupings were noted at the highest level, between populations of marsupial and placental mammals. We documented consistently lower heterozygosity, however, in populations that had experienced demographic threats across a wide range of mammalian species. We also documented a significant ( p = 0.01) reduction in heterozygosity as a result of ascertainment bias. Our results suggest that populations of both rare and common mammals are currently losing genetic diversity and that conservation efforts focused above the population level may fail to protect the breadth of persisting genetic diversity. Conservation policy makers may need to focus their efforts below the species level to stem further losses of genetic resources.     

利用水资源调配措施改善草海水质的可行性分析

草海是滇池水体污染最为严重的区域，也是滇池污染治理的重点。通过对草海可调配水资源的量化分析，从空间、时间安排角度提出近期、远期如何利用水资源调配置换草海水体，并指出水资源调配是一条见效快、成本低的途径。     

浅析水生植物在异龙湖水体净化中的作用

通过对异龙湖历年的水质变化及湖泊水生植被情况的综合分析,提出利用生态工程治理异龙湖水体中主要污染物的治理方向。在水污染外源得到控制后,湖泊健康水生生态系统的修复,关键在于优化水生植物群落结构,提高生物多样性,提高对水质净化作用的持续性。     

剑湖沉积物、间隙水、鱼体砷汞分布及风险评价

为了解剑湖沉积物、间隙水、鱼体中砷（As）和汞（Hg）含量特征,评价其风险,使用双道原子荧光光度计测定了剑湖表层沉积物、间隙水、鱼体中As和Hg含量,并利用潜在生态风险指数法、目标危险系数法、致癌风险指数等评价了其风险状况.结果表明：①剑湖表层沉积物中As、Hg平均含量分别为（12.62±0.66）mg·kg^-1和（0.050±0.002）mg·kg^-1,As含量呈东高西低的分布特征,Hg含量呈北部高、中南部湖区低的分布特征.剑湖流域内农地对剑湖As含量影响较大,流域煤炭开采与堆积、水泥加工对剑湖Hg含量分布影响较大.②间隙水中As、Hg平均含量分别为（0.64±0.03）μg·L^-1和（0.020±0.001）μg·L^-1,As含量在湖区内呈东高西低的分布特征,Hg含量最高值出现在湖心区.③6种鱼体中As、Hg含量平均值分别为（0.21±0.04）mg·kg^-1和（0.020±0.003）mg·kg^-1,两者分布在食性方面均呈现杂食性>草食性特征,在活动范围上呈底栖 > 中层 > 上层特征.④据相关性分析可知,As、Hg各自在间隙水和表层沉积物中的含量呈显著正相关（r>0.5,p<0.01）,6种鱼体As、Hg含量也呈显著正相关（r=0.92,p<0.05）.⑤沉积物样品中As均为轻微风险,Hg元素除部分样点（19.35%）为中度风险外其余为轻微风险,因此,需要对Hg进行重点防控.剑湖所选食用鱼体目标危险系数值均小于1,表明其不会对人类健康造成潜在非致癌危害;剑湖鱼体As元素存在一定的潜在致癌风险,但尚在人体可接受范围内.     

三维荧光与平行因子研究黑臭河流DOM

利用三维荧光光谱（EEMs）与平行因子（PARAFAC）模型相结合,分析了沈阳市5条典型黑臭水体溶解性有机物（DOM）的荧光组分特征,并结合常规水质指标,利用主成分分析法（PCA）对影响黑臭水体DOM的主要因素及其贡献量进行了研究.结果表明,沈阳市典型黑臭水体DOM主要由类蛋白荧光组分C1（235,360）,类富里酸荧光组分C2（220,430）和类腐殖酸荧光组分C3（255,520）组成.C2类富里酸物质与COD_Cr、氨氮、S^2-、TP有很强的正相关性,与DO和透明度成负相关,来自于陆源;C1类色氨酸和C3类腐殖酸表现出明显的正相关,具有同源性,来自于微生物內源.陆源有机质组分对黑臭水体DOM的贡献率高达61.2%,微生物内源组分对黑臭水体DOM的贡献率为25.5%.5个黑臭水体在水质上存在差异,支流Ⅰ和支流Ⅱ为重度黑臭,支流Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ为轻度黑臭.     

Comparative study of carbonic anhydrase activity in waters among different geological eco-environments of Yangtze River basin and its ecological significance

This study provides the presence of carbonic anhydrase(CA) activity in waters of the Yangtze River basin, China, as well as the correlation of CA activity with HCO-3 concentration and CO_2 sink flux. Different degrees of CA activity could be detected in almost all of the water samples from different geological eco-environments in all four seasons. The CA activity of water samples from karst areas was significantly higher than from non-karst areas(PP3-concentration(r = 0.672, P2 sink flux(r = 0.602, P = 0.076) in karst areas. This suggests that CA in waters might have a promoting effect on carbon sinks for atmospheric CO_2 in karst river basins. In conditions of similar geological type, higher CA activity was generally detected in water samples taken from areas that exhibited better eco-environments, implying that the CA activity index of waters could be used as an indicator for monitoring ecological environments and protection of river basins. These findings suggest that the role of CA in waters in the karst carbon sink potential of river basins is worthy of further in-depth studies.