无黏结剂ZSM-5分子筛的制备及其对甲苯的吸附性能

以硅溶胶为黏结剂,将粗孔硅胶、聚乙二醇、拟薄水铝石、ZSM-5晶种导向剂捏条成型,采用干胶转化法制备得到了无黏结剂ZSM-5分子筛。XRD和SEM等表征方法的结果显示,采用干胶转化法制备得到的ZSM-5分子筛的相对结晶度较高,具有200nm左右的小晶粒构成的自支撑结构。采用无黏结剂ZSM-5分子筛吸附剂进行甲苯吸附-脱附实验,该吸附剂表现出良好的吸附性能,对甲苯的脱附性能优于活性炭。     

臭氧/沸石工艺处理水中硝基苯的机理探讨

考察了臭氧在H型沸石上吸附与分解情况,发现臭氧在H型沸石上发生了吸附与分解,并且吸附过程与脱附过程是不可逆的,其脱附速率很快.在吸附分解平衡后,臭氧在H型沸石上的吸附分解量与进水臭氧浓度成正比.而在1×10^-3 mol/L Na⁺存在条件下,被Na⁺交换的H型沸石基本不吸附分解臭氧.考察不同阳离子和不同型号沸石对臭氧/沸石工艺去除硝基苯的影响,发现Ca²⁺的影响最大,另外Na型沸石和NH₄型沸石在降解硝基苯的过程中,硝基苯的去除效率逐渐提高,并且Na型沸石中的Na⁺发生溶出,表明盐析效应影响臭氧扩散进入沸石孔道进行自分解和催化分解的能力.脱铝后的H型沸石没有体现降解硝基苯的效果.最后在pH 3.0时,H型沸石也能吸附分解一部分臭氧,说明H⁺的影响不如其它阳离子.     

Effect of powdered activated carbon on Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment in submerged membrane bioreactor with electronic control backwashing

Chinese traditional medicine wastewater, rich in macromolecule and easy to foam in aerobic biodegradation such as Glycosides, was treated by two identical bench-scale aerobic submerged membrane bioreactors （SMBRs） operated in parallel under the same feed, equipped with the same electronic control backwashing device. One was used as the control SMBR （CSMBR） while the other was dosed with powdered activated carbon （PAC） （PAC-amended SMBR, PSMBR）. The backwashing interval was 5 min. One suction period was about 90 min by adjusting preestablished backwashing vacuum and pump frequency. The average flux of CSMBR during a steady periodic state of 24 d （576 h） was 5.87 L/h with average hydraulic residence time （HRT） of 5.97 h and that of PSMBR during a steady periodic state of 30 d （720 h） was 5.85 L/h with average HRT of 5.99 h. The average total chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency of CSMBR was 89.29% with average organic loading rate （OLR） at 4.16 kg COD/（m^3.d） while that of PSMBR was 89.79% with average OLR at 5.50 kg COD/（m^3.d）. COD concentration in the effluent of both SMBRs achieved the second level of the general wastewater effluent standard GB8978-1996 for the raw medicine material industry （300 mg/L）. Hence, SMBR with electronic control backwashing was a viable process for medium-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment. Moreover, the increasing rates of preestablished backwashing vacuum, pump frequency, and vacuum and flux loss caused by mixed liquor in PSMBR all lagged compared to those in CSMBR; thus the actual operating time of the PSMBR system without membrane cleaning was extended by up to 1.25 times in contrast with the CSMBR system, and the average total COD removal efficiency of PSMBR was enhanced with higher average OLR.     

铸造旧砂制备免烧砖及经济性分析

利用东风汽车公司十堰铸造基地排放的铸造旧砂制备了免烧免蒸砖,水泥加入量控制在3%以下,自然养护2 8d的抗压强度达到15MPa以上,符合蒸压灰砂国家标准(GB1194 5 - 1999)规定的优等品MU15级的要求。通过成本核算,铸造旧砂免烧砖标砖的生产成本能够控制在0 .10元块以下,具有较好的经济性。     

Economic and financial aspects of mine closure

Today, mine reclamation is a key component to a successful mine plan. Most of the industrialized nations have recognized the need to make mining activities relatively environmentally friendly, if they want to continue to benefit from the economic gains from mineral resource development. Countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia and South Africa are leaders in the field and have implemented relatively sophisticated legislation to ensure environmentally correct mine closure. These countries rely on a combination of strict control strategies and economic penalties to ensure compliance. Yet, from the firm's perspective, reclamation activities are counterproductive as they cut into profits. In order to attract economic development and earn much needed economic capital, most of the rest of the world, particularly the developing countries, lack effective mine closure legislation. The traditional command and control type of legislation that is sometimes used is either vague and therefore avoided, or not enforced appropriately, resulting in an undesirable level of environmental degradation. With the use of case studies from Brazil, this article shows that direct controls are effective in some instances and not in others. It proposes that economic and financial tools may be more effective than the traditional direct controls in getting firms to comply with environmental standards, particularly in developing countries where environmental compliance is more difficult to achieve. It explains the use of performance bonding as one type of economic incentive that has proven to be an effective environmental policy in mine planning and closure. The authors additionally push beyond the typical style of performance bonds to introduce a flexible bonding and insurance system that allows governments to maintain strict environmental standards but limits firms financial exposure during the mining process. Such a system learns from the successes of the industrialized countries that use performance bonding and is sensitive to the needs of developing nations to attract investment yet maintain environmental integrity.     

臭氧对锅炉烟气用PPS滤料性能影响的实验研究

PPS滤料以其优越的性能成为燃煤锅炉烟气除尘首选的优良滤料,但其抗氧化性欠佳。电袋复合烟气除尘中,位于烟气上游的静电除尘器产生的臭氧会对下游的袋除尘器PPS滤料产生不良影响,从而减少滤袋使用寿命。为研究PPS滤料的抗氧化性,通过系统的实验方案和手段,研究了臭氧浓度、温度和作用时间三因素对PPS滤料强力的影响。结果表明,随着三因素在数量上的增大,强力下降明显,电镜扫描发现某些纤维出现断裂。另外,理论分析表明PPS分子链加入了氧元素,使其颜色加深,脆性增加。现场使用中应限定烟气的最高含氧量。     

堆载作用下埋地管道应力影响因素及失效荷载研究*

为探究地面堆载导致埋地油气管道失效的事故影响因素,通过对管道在堆载作用下的工程案例进行概化,以X70管道为研究对象,采用有限元软件建立管道在堆载作用下的三维模型,采用理论计算验证模型的可行性,开展管道应力与变形分析,探讨不同的堆载强度、管道埋设深度、下卧层土体杨氏模量、管道内压与堆载偏移距离对管道应力的影响,同时开展多因素耦合研究。研究结果表明:深埋管道会促进附加应力向两端扩散,管道中心部位以外的应力值呈现为深埋＞浅埋;当下卧层杨氏模量大于20 MPa后,管道偏于安全;内压在0~2 MPa时,可以抵消部分堆载对管道的影响,内压大于2 MPa后,管道应力整体增大,此时管道应力由内压主导;得到不同管道埋深与不同下卧层土体杨氏模量耦合工况下X70管道失效时的堆载强度。研究结果可为埋地管道在堆载作用下的安全防护问题提供参考。     

金属-复合材料胶接结构老化脱黏行为研究进展

从加速老化试验方法、胶接结构老化规律研究以及界面脱黏数值模拟3个方面回顾了过去对于胶接结构老化脱黏行为的相关研究。重点介绍了模拟老化的各类人工加速试验方法,常用的针对老化加速试验的寿命评估模型,以及胶接结构老化后材料性能退化的规律研究。还介绍了采用虚拟裂纹闭合技术（VCCT）、内聚力模型（CZM）以及渐近损伤方法（PDM）模拟结构脱黏行为的研究现状。最后,对胶接结构老化脱黏行为的研究进行了总结与展望。     

厦门市春季地面降水的物理与化学特征

1993年3月25日～4月8日,在厦门市后坑村完成了一次降水的物理与化学同步联合观测,分析了降水样品的pH值和离子化学组成?结果表明厦门市后坑村春季降水已被酸化,降水pH加权平均值是4。22?降水中主要离子是NH+4,Ca2+和SO2-₄?厦门市后坑村酸雨是硫酸型的,是由煤烟型大气污染造成的?降水的雨滴谱类型随雨强变化而不同,小雨时是单调递减型,雨强增大时,雨滴谱出现峰值?