分光光度法测定水中硼技术性因素的探讨

通过不同的分光光度法对水中硼元素的实际测定,进而对分光光度法测定水中硼的技术性因素进行了深入的分析和论述,并根据误差的形成原因提出了相关建议.     

硼泥陶粒处理钢铁高浊度废水的探究

以硼泥、膨润土、粉煤灰、锯末为原材料制备硼泥陶粒吸附剂,应用于高浊度废水的处理,以浊度的去除率为指标,通过对pH值、流速、填料高度、锯末量、粒径、处理时间等因素的考察,确定合适的工艺条件。结果表明：对于浊度为795～820 NTU的废水,在pH为12、流速在1 200 s.L-1、填料高度50 cm、粒径4 mm、锯末量为40 g、处理时间60 min,废水的除浊率达到94%。实现了对硼泥的资源化利用,为制备吸附剂的来源及吸附剂处理废水的应用开辟了新途径。     

pH和质地对土壤供硼影响的研究

取广东省花生主产区5种代表性土壤,在连续栽种的情况下,研究土壤pH和质地对花生植株硼的积累及土壤有效硼变化的影响。结果表明,随着栽种次数的增加,土壤pH值呈显著上升趋势,而花生植株的硼积累量则呈显著下降趋势,二者表现出极显著负相关。土壤质地明显影响植株硼的积累量,不同粒级的土壤颗粒对花生各茬硼积累量的影响存在差异。土壤pH值和土壤有效硼的相关不显著,而质地与土壤有效硼表现正相关,并达到极显著水平。     

硼作业工人的空气粉尘暴露与硼暴露测量与评价

报告了硼作业工人与对照人群的个人空气粉尘暴露浓度、空气硼暴露浓度以及通过空气的日硼暴露量.结果表明,硼作业工人的两次(间隔4周)空气粉尘暴露浓度分别为19.2mg/m3和21.0mg/m3,空气硼暴露浓度分别为516μg/m3和797μg/m3,8小时空气硼暴露量为2.58mg和3.98mg;而对照组的这三类值分别为0.53mg/m3、1.87μg/m3和0.009mg.各类人群的日空气硼暴露量随工作环境的不同而有很大差异,井下采矿、原料车间、成品车间、生产管理人员的日空气硼暴露量分别为1.58mg、5.55mg、0.98mg、0.14mg,高出对照组几十倍至几百倍.     

微波消解-分光光度法测定土壤中的全硼

研究了分光光度法测定土壤中的全硼时样品的微波消解方法.建立了合理的分析步骤.进行了微波消解条件的选择及测定结果精密度、准确度实验.实验结果为:消解完全仅需25min,相对标准偏差7.6%,其方法的加标回收率为98.4%～112%.结果表明,微波消解-分光光度法测定土壤中的全硼是一种快速、准确且低环境污染的方法.     

SYNTHESIS OF DATA FROM STUDIES BY THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION WATER-QUALITY PROGRAM1

ABSTRACT: From 1986 to 1993, the National Irrigation Water-Quality Program (NIWQP) of the U.S. Department of the Interior studied whether contamination was induced by irrigation drainage in 26 areas of the Western United States. In 1992, a study to evaluate and synthesize data collected during these 26 investigations began. Selenium, boron, and molybdenum are the trace elements and DDT the pesticide most commonly found in surface water at concentrations exceeding chronic criteria for the protection of aquatic life. In six of the areas, the median selenium concentration exceeded the criterion. Aquatic-life criteria have not been developed for uranium, but the median uranium concentration exceeded the proposed Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water in seven areas. A principal components analysis indicates that severity of selenium contamination is not related to the severity of contamination by boron, molybdenum, and arsenic. Arsenic, boron, molybdenum, and selenium concentrations are nearly the same in both filtered and unfiltered samples, which indicates that contaminant concentrations in filtered samples can be directly compared with biological-effects data developed using unfiltered samples. At a given site, selenium concentrations in surface water can change by an order of magnitude during the course of a year and from one year to another.     

Soil phosphorus extractability and uptake in a Cirsio-Molinietum fen-meadow and an adjacent Holcus lanatus pasture on the culm measures, north Devon, UK

The seasonal pattern of extractable soil P and soil solution P was determined for topsoil samples taken from a Cirsio-Molinietum fen-meadow community, and also for an adjacent agriculturally improved pasture in Devon, UK. Phosphorus concentration was investigated using three methods during 1993; Olsen's reagent (sodium bicarbonate) for soil P, centrifuging and polymeric suction cups for soil solution P. Solutions were extracted at two-weekly intervals during the spring and at monthly intervals during the summer. Phosphorus removed from both sites by centrifuging was in the range 5–30 μg dm⁻³ soil, in comparison with 1–6 mg kg⁻¹ for Olsen P. Olsen P on the Cirsio-Molinietum was significantly lower than on the improved pasture in mid-March and mid-June. The concentration of P in soil solution removed by suction cups was below the level of detection (<2 μg dm⁻³) on the Cirsio-Molinietum. Suction cup P on the improved pasture peaked in April and May at 16–19 μg dm⁻³ soil. Herbage yield and P concentration were measured throughout the growing season. Above-ground standing crop was greater on the Cirsio-Molinietum than the improved pasture at the beginning of the grazing season, because of the large litter component on the former. Total P content of this material was only 1.81 kg P ha⁻¹ on the Cirsio-Molinietum, in comparison with 5.58 kg P ha⁻¹ on the improved pasture. Phosphorus concentration of plant material obtained by repeated defoliation was approximately 1.0 mg P g⁻¹ DM on the Cirsio-Molinietum, whereas a clear seasonal trend, peaking at 3.5 mg P g⁻¹ DM, was observed on the improved pasture. Phosphorus concentration of litter, grass and sedge from ungrazed plots on the Cirsio-Molinietum indicated distinct seasonal variations for the grass, with no seasonal pattern for the sedge component.     

硼配施多种微量元素对桉树生长的效应

针对广东省雷州半岛桉树人工林出现缺素生理病的现象,进行了桉树施硼及配施其它微量元素的田间试验,旨为桉树人工林持续发展提供依据。试验结果表明:(1)单施硼对刚果12号桉W5(Eucalyptus ABL12W5)和尾叶桉U6(Eucalyptus urophyllas U6)均有明显效果,但前者施硼的效果好于后者;(2)硼与铜、锌、铁、锰、钼等配施效果明显好于单施硼,但桉树不同树种对微量元素营养有一定的选择性;硼与铜、锌、铁、锰等配施可使刚果12W5大幅增产,而硼与钼配施对尾叶桉U6生长效应显著;(3)缺硼是诱发雷州半岛桉树缺素生理病的重要原因,施用硼可有效消除雷州半岛桉树垂稍病。     

Yield loss in conventional and natural rice farming systems

Compared to modern, conventional agriculture, alternative agricultural production systems may rely on biologically different mechanisms (syndromes) to attain similar production goals. Yield loss to rice in conventional and natural farming rice paddies in Japan was evaluated by simulated injury (leaf-clipping) and monitoring plants damaged by insect herbivores. Rice grown under natural farming practices was more tolerant of simulated injury and injury from Oulema oryzae than rice grown under conventional practices. Natural farming rice retained proportionately more tillers and had a higher proportion of mature seeds than conventionally grown rice. In conventional paddies, the simulated injury may have made the rice plants more susceptible to plant pathogens than their non-injured counterparts, resulting in higher disease attack and proportionately greater yield loss. These results suggest that, pests may affect yield loss independently in natural farming, but in conventional paddies, multiple pest injury may interact synergistically, compounding yield loss.     

钼和硼污染对大豆品质的影响

以3个大豆(Glycine max)品种(浙春3号、浙春2号和3811)为材料，设置了4个钼、硼处理(适量钼和硼、高钼、高硼及高钼高硼同施)，研究了钼污染和硼污染对大豆品质的影响．结果表明：高钼或高硼促使大豆种子蛋白质、维生素C、氮、磷、钾的含量显著减少，氨基酸的总量和必需氨基酸的总量大大降低，氨基酸各组分(除脯氨酸外)的含量都明显下降，脂肪的组分也发生变化，对种子中钙镁含量的影响不大，且高硼对大豆品质的毒害作用明显大于高钼．在过量条件下，钼和硼在大豆体内呈现相互抑制作用．3个大豆品种的品质问存在一定的基因型差异，3个品种对高钼和高硼的反应也存在差异．图2表3参18