Electrochemical incineration of dimethyl phthalate by anodic oxidation with boron-doped diamond electrode

The anodic oxidation of aqueous solutions containing dimethyl phthalate (DMP) up to 125 mg/L with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) as supporting electrolyte within the pH range 2.0–10.0 was studied using a one-compartment batch reactor employing a boron-doped diamond (BDD) as anode. Electrolyses were carried out at constant current density (1.5–4.5 mA/cm2). Complete mineralization was always achieved owing to the great concentration of hydroxyl radical (.OH) generated at the BDD surface. The e ects of pH, apparent current density and initial DMP concentration on the degradation rate of DMP, the specific charge required for its total mineralization and mineralization current e ciency were investigated systematically. The mineralization rate of DMP was found to be pH-independent and to increase with increasing applied current density. Results indicated that this electrochemical process was subjected, at least partially, to the mass transfer of organics onto the BDD surface. Kinetic analysis of the temporal change of DMP concentration during electrolysis determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) revealed that DMP decay under all tested conditions followed a pseudo first-order reaction. Aromatic intermediates and generated carboxylic acids were identified by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and a general pathway for the electrochemical incineration of DMP on BDD was proposed.     

Electrochemical inactivation of cyanobacteria and microcystin degradation using a boron-doped diamond anode——A potential tool for cyanobacterial bloom control

Cyanobacterial blooms are global phenomena that can occur in calm and nutrient-rich(eutrophic) fresh and marine waters. Human exposure to cyanobacteria and their biologically active products is possible during water sports and various water activities, or by ingestion of contaminated water. Although the vast majority of harmful cyanobacterial products are confined to the interior of the cells, these are eventually released into the surrounding water following natural or artificially induced cell death. Electrochemical oxidation has been used here to damage cyanobacteria to halt their proliferation, and for microcystin degradation under in-vitro conditions. Partially spent Jaworski growth medium with no addition of supporting electrolytes was used. Electrochemical treatment resulted in the cyanobacterial loss of cell-buoyancy regulation, cell proliferation arrest, and eventual cell death. Microcystin degradation was studied separately in two basic modes of treatment: batch-wise flow, and constant flow, for electrolytic-cell exposure. Batch-wise exposure simulates treatment under environmental conditions, while constant flow is more appropriate for the study of boron-doped diamond electrode efficacy under laboratory conditions. The effectiveness of microcystin degradation was established using high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detector analysis, while the biological activities of the products were estimated using a colorimetric protein phosphatase-1 inhibition assay. The results indicate potential for the application of electro-oxidation methods for the control of bloom events by taking advantage of specific intrinsic ecological characteristics of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. The applicability of the use of boron-doped diamond electrodes in remediation of water exposed to cyanobacteria bloom events is discussed.     

Electrochemical degradation of the dye indigo carmine at boron-doped diamond anode for wastewaters remediation

Here we demonstrate that anodic oxidation with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode can be applied to the remediation of wastewaters containing indigo carmine. This environmentally friendly method decontaminates completely acid and alkaline aqueous solutions of this dye. The degradation rate increases with increasing current and dye concentration. Indigo carmine is more rapidly removed in alkaline than in acid medium, but its kinetics does not follow a defined reaction order. Isatin 5-sulfonic acid is the main aromatic product formed. Oxalic and oxamic acids are generated as ultimate carboxylic acids. The nitrogen of the dye is converted into NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ⁻.     

四川城市对称性空间结构研究

城市空间分布规律的研究一直是城市规划者和地理学家研究的热点。早期关于城市空间分布的理论有克里斯泰勒的中心地理论、廖什网络结构理论等,现在研究较热的是基于人类空间行为自组织演化的分形理论。我国著名地学家叶大年先生于2001年提出我国城市分布对称的思想,并将其系统整理为关于城市分布对称的学术思想。成渝经济区的崛起,为四川省城市空间结构的优化带来了重要的契机。依据叶大年先生的城市分布对称理论,认为四川主要城市在地质构造等自然地理要素的影响下对称分布明显,且盆西平原城市在天然水系特征和陆路交通干线共同影响下呈格子状分布。针对当前四川省主要城市空间结构发育的不成熟,对成渝经济区影响下的四川城市空间分布形态重新进行空间构建,首次提出关于四川城市空间结构的“钻石模型”。分析表明,此模型能够较好地解释当前川内城市的空间分布及演化趋势;同时也在一定程度上说明城市分布对称的思想具有一定的理论价值和实践价值,值得学者引起重视     

BDD电极处理高浓度二硝基重氮酚废水研究

采用金刚石薄膜(BDD)电极电化学降解高浓度的二硝基重氮酚废水,在实验过程中,对BDD电极处理高浓度二硝基重氮酚废水的处理,考察了电流密度、电解质的种类和浓度对处理效果的影响。结果表明:BDD电极降解二硝基重氮酚废水中的有机类物质有明显效果。在电流密度为20 mA/cm2时,电解效果明显,电流效率高;使用KCl为电解质时,电解效果显著,并且对电极寿命无影响;当电解质KCl质量浓度为2.0 g/L时,电解效果最优。     

因子设计法优化掺硼金刚石电催化降解染料废水

掺硼金刚石电催化工艺(BDD工艺)作为当前热门的水处理技术,已被成功用于降解多种有机污染物。采用因子设计方法,考查了BDD工艺对偶氮染料金橙-Ⅱ的降解效能。实验选用染料初始浓度、反应时间、电解质浓度、施加电流和流速作为操作参数,并以脱色率作为响应指标来评估各参数的统计学显著性。在考察的5个因素中,前两者对于处理效果具有最为显著的影响。为此,在高因子水平情况下又进一步分析了它们的主效应和相互效应,同时构造了回归模型。实验结果表明,因子设计法对于优化BDD工艺是非常适用的,并显示了其实际应用的前景。     

Electrochemical oxidation of benzene on boron-doped diamond electrodes

This work presents an electrochemical investigation of the benzene oxidation process in aqueous solution on boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Additionally, in order to determine the main products generated during the oxidation process, electrolysis and high performance liquid chromatography experiments were carried out. The complete degradation of this compound was performed aiming to a further application in waste water treatment. The cyclic voltammetry studies indicate that benzene is irreversibly oxidized in acid medium (H₂SO₄ 0.5 M) on the BDD electrode surface at 2.0 V versus Ag/AgCl in a diffusion controlled process. During the cycling, other products are generated, and a pair of peaks was observed that can be associated with the oxi-reduction of anyone of the following species: hydroquinone, benzoquinone, resorcinol or catechol. The electrolysis experiments were carried out at 2.4 and 2.5 V on the BDD electrode surface in a solution containing 1 × 10⁻² M of benzene (below the saturation concentration in aqueous solution), for 3 and 5 h, respectively. The main products measured were: hydroquinone, resorcinol, p-benzoquinone, catechol and phenol. The complete electrochemical benzene degradation was performed in the electrolysis experiments using a rotating BDD disc electrode (2.5 V for 5 h) and the main products detected were all measured at concentrations lower than 10⁻⁵ M in this condition. The boron-doped diamond electrode had proved to be a valuable tool for the electrochemical degradation of the benzene, a very stable chemical compound.     

掺硼金刚石电极处理榨菜废水试验研究

掺硼金刚石(BDD)电极在电化学氧化难生物降解性废水时具有电化学性能良好、处理效果好等特点,因而受到广泛关注.本试验采用BDD电极电化学氧化榨菜废水,并考察了稀释比、初始pH值、电流密度、极板间距等参数对COD、氨氮(NH3-N)去除率的影响.试验结果表明:在稀释比为1∶2、电流密度50 mA·cm-2、未调节pH值、极板间距为15 mm的最优工况下,COD、NH3-N去除率分别为96.9%、100%.COD去除率满足线性方程y=0.435t(R2=0.9899),NH3-N去除率满足多项式拟合方程y=0.53+0.936t+0.031t2-3.46×10-4t3(R2=0.9956).研究表明,BDD电极电化学氧化榨菜废水是一种有效的高级氧化工艺.     

BDD和PbO2电极电化学氧化苯并三氮唑的对比研究

分别构建了以掺硼金刚石膜电极(BDD)和二氧化铅电极(Pb O2)为阳极的电化学体系,对比考察了两种电极对难降解有机污染物苯并三氮唑(BTA)的降解及体系的矿化效果,并从电极产生羟基自由基(·OH)的数量与形态角度深入探讨了影响电极矿化能力大小的内在因素.结果表明:1BDD和Pb O2电极均对BTA有较好的降解效果,电解12 h后BTA去除率分别为99.48%和98.36%,但BDD电极的矿化能力明显强于Pb O2电极,电解12 h后矿化率分别为87.69%和35.96%;2BDD体系阳极·OH产生速率和阴极H2产生速率均低于Pb O2体系,即表面活性位点数量少于Pb O2电极,因此·OH数量不是决定矿化能力大小的关键;3BDD电极表面吸附氧活性更强,结合能(532.37e V)大于Pb O2(530.74e V),且表面吸附层更薄,产生的·OH形态更自由,是决定其具有更大矿化能力的关键因素.