保护层开采效果测评指标及应用研究

为深入分析保护层开采的实施效果,依据煤岩卸压变形理论和瓦斯运移特性,建立保护层开采测评指标体系,并选择淮南矿区对指标现场应用方法进行分析。研究结果表明:测评体系包括保护范围和保护效果两部分,其中,瓦斯压力、瓦斯含量、煤层透气性系数、煤层顶底板相对变形、瓦斯抽放量、突出指标的变化等因素可作为效果考察的现场测评指标。保护层开采后,应首先明确其保护范围,然后再对保护效果分别从煤体力学特性、煤层瓦斯特性和煤层开采动力特性3方面进行综合分析,按照现场实测值与指标临界值的对比,即可系统地定量评价保护层开采的效果。     

气溶胶辐射效应对气象和环境影响的观测与模拟研究

选取2015年和2019年不同代表年份,结合外场观测和数值模拟,分析了天津地区不同季节不同天气(晴天、多云、霾)下,气溶胶辐射效应对整层大气透过率和地表入射太阳辐射的影响,以及这种影响在不同年份的差异.借助WRF-Chem模式模拟分析了重污染期间气溶胶辐射效应对垂直方向上气象要素廓线、边界层结构以及PM_2.5浓度的反馈机制.结果表明:霾污染可导致大气透过率明显下降,春、秋、冬不同季节,霾污染导致中午大气透过率分别下降0.09,0.11和0.09.全年平均霾污染可导致大气透过率降低约15.5%.云量的增多也可导致大气透过率明显下降,多云天气下大气透过率相比晴天减小约22.4%.霾和云对大气透过率的影响还与太阳高度角有关,当太阳高度角>60°时,霾污染导致大气透过率下降8.6%.随污染等级提高,气溶胶对太阳辐射的衰减作用也越强,天津地区空气质量分别为Ⅰ～Ⅰ级时,中午地表入射短波辐射呈稳定下降趋势,依次为484,446,439,342,328和253W/m².重污染期间,气溶胶辐射效应导致大气低层(250m以下)降温(0.8℃)增湿(3.8%...     

特强沙尘暴灾害性天气的研究及展望

总结特强沙尘暴天气的研究进展,梳理分析特强沙尘暴天气的基本特征以及动力学触发机制,提出进一步的研究问题,以期加深对特强沙尘暴天气过程机理的认识.分析结果表明特强沙尘暴天气事件的季节性分布特征显著,春季居多,且多发生在下午到傍晚时段,其典型特征为突发性、局地性,持续时间相对较短,对局地的大气环境质量短时产生重大影响.旺盛的地面混合层热对流胞运动和中尺度（反）气旋性涡旋过境是特强沙尘暴天气出现的必要条件.在沙尘源区,由于午后近地层温度升高,热对流加剧,近地层热层结极不稳定,易形成地面混合层热对流胞运动;沙尘源区的热对流胞与混合层上部的中尺度（反）气旋性涡旋耦合作用,涡量通过热对流胞下传促使近地层层结内的热对流胞发展成群发性旋转对流胞,特强沙尘暴天气出现.进一步理解特强沙尘暴的风沙流特征及能量快速耗散机制,提高预测预警能力,需要加强特沙尘暴的气象观测数据积累和多尺度数值模拟.     

Influence of particle size on the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles: Role of structural hydration layer

More and more attention has been paid to the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles, but little research has been done on the effect of particle size. Therefore, this study systematically evaluated the aggregation behavior of nano-silica particles with diameter 130–480 nm at different initial particle concentration, pH, ionic strength, and ionic valence of electrolytes. The modified Smoluchowski theory failed to describe the aggregation kinetics for nano-silica particles with diameters less than 190 nm. Besides, ionic strength, cation species and pH all affected fast aggregation rate coefficients of 130 nm nanoparticles. Through incorporating structural hydration force into the modified Smoluchowski theory, it is found that the reason for all the anomalous aggregation behavior was the different structural hydration layer thickness of nanoparticles with various sizes. The thickness decreased with increasing of particle size, and remained basically unchanged for particles larger than 190 nm. Only when the distance at primary minimum was twice the thickness of structural hydration layer, the structural hydration force dominated, leading to the higher stability of nanoparticles. This study clearly clarified the unique aggregation mechanism of nanoparticles with smaller size, which provided reference for predicting transport and fate of nanoparticles and could help facilitate the evaluation of their environment risks.     

大空间建筑火灾中热烟气层发展规律的理论分析

对几类典型的大空间建筑火灾中热烟气层的发展规律进行了理论分析,并和文献中的实验结果进行了对比。理论分析表明热烟气层的发展速率除了与火源的功率和大空间的几何尺寸有关外,还取决于火羽流的种类。给出了轴对称火羽流、二维线性溢流和沿墙壁的二维线性火羽流情况下的热烟气层发展速率的表达式,对大空间建筑的火灾安全设计与灾害预测具有指导意义。     

罐底油泥特性分析及其除油处理工艺

通过研究罐底油泥的理化性质,开发了适于处理罐底油泥的系列工艺:先采用调质技术提高罐底油泥流动性;再采用超声破乳降低油泥稳定性,改善油泥分离性能;最后采用卧式离心机对油泥进行离心分离处理.在复合型清洗剂加入量为800 mg/L、超声温度为60℃、超声功率为12 kW、超声时间为25 min、离心温度为60℃、絮凝剂加入量为600 mg/L、离心机转速为2200 r/min的条件下,系统稳定运行9d,离心机出口泥中含油率低于2.00％,水中悬浮固体质量浓度低于170 mg/L,达到了对罐底油泥进行除油的目的.     

Experimental study of recirculating flows generated by lateral shock waves in very large channels

Due to the lack of data on hydraulic-jump dynamics in very large channels, the present paper describes the main characteristics of the velocity field and turbulence in a large rectangular channel with a width of 4 m. Although a hydraulic jump is always treated as a wave that is transversal to the channel wall, in the case of this study it has a trapezoidal front shape, first starting from a point at the sidewalls and then developing downstream in an oblique manner, finally giving rise to a trapezoidal shape. The oblique wave front may be regarded as a lateral shockwave that arises from a perturbation at a certain point of the lateral wall and travels obliquely toward the centreline of the channel. The experimental work was carried out at the Coastal Engineering Laboratory of the Water Engineering and Chemistry Department of the Technical University of Bari (Italy). In addition to the hydraulic jump formation, a large recirculating flow zone starts to develop from the separating point of the lateral shock wave and a separate boundary layer occurs. Intensive measurements of the streamwise and spanwise flow velocity components along one-half width of the channel were taken using a bidimensional Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). The water surface elevation was obtained by means of an ultrasonic profiler. Velocity vectors, transversal velocity profiles, turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stresses were all investigated. The experimental results of the separated boundary layer were compared with numerical predictions and related work presented in literature and showed good agreement. The transversal velocity profiles indicated the presence of adverse pressure gradient zones and the law of the wall appears to govern the region around the separated boundary layer.     

氯氟烃化合物对臭氧层的影响---浅谈制冷剂R22替代R502的价值与技术

从保护臭氧层,保护环境的角度出发,介绍了氯氟烃化合物对环境的影响。阐述了用制冷剂R22代替R502在低蒸发温度应用时需要解决的问题和如何解决。     

脱水污泥薄层干燥特性及动力学模型分析

采用薄层干燥方式进行脱水污泥热干燥的研究,考察了污泥的干燥特性,并引入薄层干燥模型进行数值分析.结果表明, Logarithmic模型比其他模型更适合薄层污泥干燥分析.应用Fick扩散模型,得到80~150℃条件下薄层污泥干燥的有效扩散系数的变化范围为8.486′10-10~4.386′10-9m2/s,并根据Arrhenius经验公式建立温度与扩散系数的关系,得到污泥干燥时水分扩散的活化能为29.56kJ/mol.