居民活动空间与生态约束协调的城市开发边界划定方法——以长沙市为例

为了遏制长沙市城市的无序扩张,促进土地节约集约、高效利用,保障生态空间质量,划定长沙市城市开发边界成为重要举措。基于居民活动空间扩展,选取人口密度、居民活动分布、基础设施布局等多源时空数据,通过量化居民活动空间扩展概率,并利用植被覆盖度构建生态约束强度,确定二者协调规则,作为CA模型的约束条件,进行城市建设用地模拟,划定城市开发边界。结果表明：划定的长沙市城市开发边界,结果与长沙市“十三五”规划的城市空间发展框架基本一致,对未来建设用地扩展方向预测合理,而且避免了侵占重要生态资源,达到了兼顾城市空间发展和生态资源保护的多重目的。     

Local opposition against high-voltage grids: public responses to agency-caused science–policy trolls

High-voltage (hV) transmission grids are projects of societal importance that potentially have controversial social and environmental impacts. Former research shows that public opposition is sparked by the perception of negative local impacts and unjust concessionary processes. In this paper, we complement these perspectives by assessing the institutional practices of the regulatory agencies in dealing with scientific uncertainties. The regulatory agencies’ ‘ways of doing things’ are often designed to serve policy and management needs. A critical point is that the demarcation between scientifically based facts, values and assessments is often blurred in the decision-making process. This paper draws on two Norwegian case studies to investigate how the regulatory agencies dealt with (1) electromagnetic fields and health risks and (2) overhead lines versus sea cables. We argue that ambiguities and uncertainties that arise in the hV transmission line processes create ‘trolls’, and we explore how the local inhabitants and affected stakeholders in the two cases responded to these and how it triggered further opposition. By investigating how and why trolls appear and are handled, we conclude by discussing how public opposition related to hV transmission grids may be reduced – and how some ‘trolls’ may crack.     

Wind energy potential analysis for Thailand: Uncertainty from wind maps and sensitivity to turbine technology

Rapid development of wind energy has been witnessed in Thailand. However, different wind resource maps (over land) have brought great uncertainty to wind energy planning. Here, four important mesoscale wind maps were considered: DEDP (2001), World Bank (2001), Manomaiphiboon et al. (2010) of JGSEE, and DEDE (2010). The wind maps were first harmonized to a common grid at 100 m and then compared. The earlier wind maps (DEDP and World Bank) are shown to represent the lower and upper limits of predicted speed, respectively, while JGSEE and DEDE tend to be more moderate with predictions statistically closer to observations. A consolidated wind map was constructed based on their median and shown to have the best prediction performance. It was then used for the technical potential analysis, in which three large (2-MW) turbine models (two conventional and one designed for low wind speed) were considered. By GIS techniques, any land areas not feasible for large wind turbines were excluded, and the corresponding overall onshore technical potential ranges between 50 and 250 GW, depending on map and turbine model. Considering only economically feasible turbines (with capacity factors of 20%) and the median-based map, the final technical potential equals 17 GW when using the low-wind-speed model but is reduced to 5 GW with the conventional models, adequately meeting the national wind energy target of 3 GW by the year 2036. The results suggest a strong sensitivity of estimated technical potential to turbine technology and a suitability of low-wind-speed turbines for wind conditions in Thailand.     

我国年平均流场的分布特征与污染物输送分析

通过对1986年我国主要低空各层平面流场?经纬圈垂直剖面图以及国内各测站的年?月平均风场资料的特征分析,得到各站的边界层内普遍存在一个最大风速区的结论,并归纳出低空风随高度分布的6种典型廓线?初步得出:我国污染物输送在水平方向及垂直方向上均以国内输送为主,但在东部?南部沿海与周边国家和地区亦存在互有输入?输出的输送      

我国大气污染物在排污层的输送特征

为了分析我国大气排污层的基本输送特征,用6年时间收集到的大气排污层的气象资料进行多层次的大气污染物输送场的研究,特别是地面到600m高度大气层的大气排污层。研究结果表明,我国的大气污染物以境内输送或输入为主;在我国范围内普遍存在一个风速极大值区。初步得到大气污染物的输送场时空分布特征,为进一步了解和利用大气排污层规律,合理开发和利用环境资源提供了依据     

旋风水膜除尘器的捕尘性能和结构设计

借助于Leith和Licht的边界层分离理论 ,对轴向出风旋风水膜除尘器的捕尘性能进行了分析 ,得出了捕尘效率的理论公式、径高比等无量纲准数     

地下水中H酸衍生污染物的对照分析

对地下水中一种染料中间体Ｈ酸的污染进行了提取,分离,碱熔融试验,并与已知的污染物进行薄层色谱和红外光谱对照分析,确定该地下水中棕红色污染物的Ｈ酸长期氧化的衍生产物。     

局部断层场地对平面SV波的散射

借助Wolf的土层和半空间精确动力刚度矩阵及斜线荷载的格林函数,利用间接边界元法在频域内求解了局部断层场地对SV波的散射,着重分析了破碎带较窄断层两侧围岩动力响应的基本规律,以及场地动力特性对散射的影响.研究表明,破碎带断层对SV波有显著的影响,即使破碎带很窄,也可以对SV波产生很大的放大作用;层状场地的动力特性对放大作用有显著的影响.     

Changes in the structure of chortobiont invertebrate community exposed to emissions from a copper smelter

The aboveground phytomass of meadow plants and the density of chortobiont invertebrates in secondary upland meadows were estimated using a biocenometer in three areas differing in the level of pollution with emissions from the Middle Ural Copper Smelter (Revda, Sverdlovsk oblast) in 2006 and 2007. As the smelter is approached, the total amount of phytomass (dry weight) decreases by a factor of 1.3–1.9, with the proportion of grasses reaching 100%; the total abundance of invertebrates increases two-to threefold due to sucking phytophages, which account for up to 80% of the invertebrate community. The abundance of gnawing phytophages near the smelter is reduced, with some taxa entirely missing (e.g., mollusks and phalangiid harvestmen). Rearrangements in chortobiont community structure are attributable to changes in the physiological state of plants and in the species diversity and architecture of the herbaceous layer, with consequent modification of hydrothermal conditions in it, as well as by the direct toxic effect of heavy metals.     

地铁车厢机械排烟和细水雾耦合灭火效果研究

采用火灾动力学软件FDS（FireDynamicSimulator）,以封闭单节地铁列车车厢为研究对象,模拟分析不同喷雾速度、排烟量以及排烟启动时刻条件下,车厢内火灾热释放速率、烟气层高度、烟气层温度的变化规律,对细水雾和机械排烟耦合作用下地铁列车车厢火灾灭火效果展升研究。结果表明,喷雾初速度较小时,细水雾动作之后启动排烟系统的灭火效果更好;喷雾初速度较大时,细水雾动作之前启动排烟系统的灭火效果更好;同样的喷雾初速度条件下,增大排烟量町以提高烟气层高度和降低烟气层温度,排烟量过大可能造成火焰区的扰动,降低细水雾的火火效果。