Development of a nonlocal convective mixing scheme with varying upward mixing rates for use in air quality and chemical transport models

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Asymmetrical convective non-local scheme (CON) with varying upward mixing rates is developed for simulation of vertical turbulent mixing in the convective boundary layer in air quality and chemical transport models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The upward mixing rate form the surface layer is parameterized using the sensible heat flux and the friction and convective velocities. Upward mixing rates varying with height are scaled with an amount of turbulent kinetic energy in layer, while the downward mixing rates are derived from mass conservation. RESULTS: This scheme provides a less rapid mass transport out of surface layer into other layers than other asymmetrical convective mixing schemes. DISCUSSION: In this paper, we studied the performance of a nonlocal convective mixing scheme with varying upward mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer and its impact on the concentration of pollutants calculated with chemical and air-quality models. This scheme was additionally compared versus a local eddy-diffusivity scheme (KSC). Simulated concentrations of NO(2) and the nitrate wet deposition by the CON scheme are closer to the observations when compared to those obtained from using the KSC scheme. CONCLUSIONS: Concentrations calculated with the CON scheme are in general higher and closer to the observations than those obtained by the KSC scheme (of the order of 15-20%). Nitrate wet deposition calculated with the CON scheme are in general higher and closer to the observations than those obtained by the KSC scheme. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: To examine the performance of the scheme, simulated and measured concentrations of a pollutant (NO(2)) and nitrate wet deposition was compared for the year 2002. The comparison was made for the whole domain used in simulations performed by the chemical European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme Unified model (version UNI-ACID, rv2.0) where schemes were incorporated.     

工业用制氧机噪声控制方案

在大型炼钢生产工艺过程中,需要制备大量的氧气.由于空气流量大,制氧机进口噪声大,对周围环境和工作人员造成了极大的危害.对某钢铁集团制氧机的噪声源进行了分析,并在现场调查的基础上,提出了制氧机噪声治理方案.经过测试,治理后的厂界噪声指标达到国家标准的控制要求.     

渤海油田中深层低含H2S气井油套管选材研究

目的 解决渤海油田中深层低含H2S井下环境的油套管安全选材问题.方法 利用高压釜模拟气井的腐蚀环境,对不同材质的备选油套管钢在不同井深模拟工况条件下的腐蚀速率和应力腐蚀开裂行为进行研究,采用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)及其能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射分析仪(XRD),分析或检测腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物的组成,综合考虑均匀腐蚀和开...     

安全煤岩柱性能研究及综合评价

在对里彦煤矿采矿地质条件分析的基础上,对安全煤岩柱的化学成分及其阻水性能、岩性及力学特征进行了研究.针对里彦煤矿的具体情况,分析了里彦安全煤岩柱的阻水性能,认为其阻水性能良好,可以适当减小防水防砂煤岩柱宽度,以提高开采上限,释放部分煤炭储量.     

A basic study with feasibility of applying clean development mechanism to the transport projects

In the transport sector, few projects applied Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) or Joint Implementation (JI) projects. This study will examine the feasibility of applying CDM to the transport sector from viewpoints of validation of processes and funding. A number of greenhouse gas emission reduction projects, as well as traffic management project within existing transport infrastructures, can be implemented as CDM projects. New transport infrastructure projects can be validated by transportdemand forecasting and traffic simulation methods, though application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) technologies. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤干层形成及氮素消耗研究

为掌握苜蓿连续种植多年土壤干层的形成规律及氮素的消耗规律,促进黄土高原地区苜蓿草地合理施肥及草田轮作,论文系统研究了3年、4年、6年、12年、14年、18年及26年生紫花苜蓿草地土壤干层及氮素的消耗。结果表明:黄土高原地区土壤干层可分为轻度干层（9~11%）、中度干层（7~9%）、重度干层（<7%）三级。荒地在80~100cm土层,出现轻度干层;苜蓿草地土壤干层出现的区域为140~600cm土层,随生长年限的延长,土壤干层厚度向下延伸,干化程度加剧,苜蓿生长至12年,出现中度干层,干层范围达到500cm土层。不同生长年限苜蓿草地土壤碱解氮含量呈现规律性的变化,即随土层深度的增加,碱解氮含量下降,300cm土层以下,变化趋势平缓;苜蓿生长至26年,0~200cm土壤上层的氮素有一定恢复,而200~1000cm深层土壤氮素难以恢复。研究表明,在黄土高原半湿润区紫花苜蓿生长6年以后,应对苜蓿草地进行合理施肥,实施粮草轮作,以维持土壤氮素平衡,持续提高土地生产力水平。     

A simulation model for projecting changes in salinity concentrations and species dominance in the coastal margin habitats of the Everglades

Sharp boundaries typically separate the salinity tolerant mangroves from the salinity intolerant hardwood hammock species, which occupy the similar geographical areas of southern Florida. Evidence of strong feedback between tree community-type and the salinity of the unsaturated (vadose) zone of the soil suggests that a severe disturbance that significantly tilts the salinity in the vadose zone might cause a shift from one vegetation type to the other. In this study, a model based upon the feedback dynamics between vegetation and salinity of the vadose zone of the soil was used to take account of storm surge events to investigate the mechanisms that by which this large-scale disturbance could affect the spatial pattern of hardwood hammocks and mangroves. Model simulation results indicated that a heavy storm surge that completely saturated the vadose zone at 30 ppt for 1 day could lead to a regime shift in which there is domination by mangroves of areas previously dominated by hardwood hammocks. Lighter storm surges that saturated the vadose zone at less than 7 ppt did not cause vegetation shifts. Investigations of model sensitivity analysis indicated that the thickness of the vadose zone, coupled with precipitation, influenced the residence time of high salinity in the vadose zone and therefore determined the rate of mangrove domination. The model was developed for a southern Florida coastal ecosystem, but its applicability may be much broader.     

有机修饰塿土对苯酚的吸附及其热力学特征

研究了用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTMAB）单一修饰和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵＋十二烷基磺酸钠（CTMAB＋SDS）混合修饰填土耕层、粘化层后土样对苯酚的吸附及其热力学特征,并对其吸附机理进行探讨．结果表明,填土两层次土样表面修饰后均能显著增强对苯酚的吸附能力,耕层土样对苯酚吸附呈现100GCB（100％CTMAB修饰耕层土样）〉120GCS（100％CTMAB＋20％SDS修饰耕层土样）〉50GCB（50％CTMAB修饰耕层土样）〉GCK（耕层原土）的趋势,粘化层土样相应地呈现100NCB（100％CTMAB修饰粘化层土样）〉50NCB（50％CTMAB修饰粘化层土样）〉120NCS（100％CTMAB＋20％SDS修饰粘化层土样）〉NCK（粘化层原土）的变化趋势;耕层原土吸附苯酚能力高于粘化层原土,但修饰后粘化层土样对苯酚的吸附能力超过耕层;两层次原土对苯酚的吸附呈现增温效应,但修饰后耕层土样转变为随温度上升吸附量下降的增温负效应特征,而粘化层修饰土样呈现增温效应特征,证实耕层修饰土样对苯酚以物理吸附为主,而粘化层修饰土样以化学吸附为主;Henry模型可用于描述苯酚在供试土样中的吸附;供试土样对苯酚的吸附属自发性反应,耕层修饰土样的吸附属焙减、熵减过程,自发性取决于焙减,而粘化层的吸附属焓增、熵增过程,自发性主要取决于熵增．     

Fracking the Debate: Frame Shifts and Boundary Work in Dutch Decision Making on Shale Gas

The meaning of hydraulic fracturing for shale gas is contested worldwide: is it an energy game changer, a transition fuel, or a technology that poses severe environmental problems? In the Netherlands, a policy controversy developed in which fracturing was reframed from ‘business as usual’ to a potential environmental risk. This article theoretically and empirically describes this shift by arguing that the technology of hydraulic fracturing for shale gas is a boundary object that created a sphere of engagement for all sorts of actors. In this sphere, they negotiated a common but soft meaning of this technology. These negotiations consisted of frame contests. As part of those contests, the discursive strategies of framing and boundary work enabled opponents to create uncertainty about economic benefits and environmental impact. The shift in meaning transformed the issue from an economic one with standard governmental rules and regulations into a planning issue that needs more precaution.     

龙感湖表层沉积硅藻探究

以长江中下游典型草型湖泊龙感湖为研究对象,借助生物指标(沉积物表层硅藻),通过硅藻分析、DCA分析、聚类分析以及硅藻属种指示的湖泊营养特征分析,探究龙感湖沉积物表层硅藻属种分类、影响硅藻的潜在环境梯度、表层沉积硅藻属种的空间分布特征以及分析表层沉积硅藻属种指示的湖泊营养特征。研究表明:龙感湖表层沉积硅藻属种分布存在空间差异;表层硅藻属种的分布主要由第一轴的环境因子所解释,反映的样点的排列受第一轴的控制,第二轴反映的环境意义不显著;龙感湖硅藻组合是以富营养的浮游种为优势,已经接近富营养态,以半浮游种Aulancoseira granulata为最大优势种,而Aulancoseira granulata在中营养湖泊中占绝对优势。主要出现在富营养湖泊中能较好指示富营养化的浮游、半浮游种Cyclotella atoms和C.meneghiniana、Aulacoseira alpigea、Cyclostephanos dubius、Stephanodiscus parvus、S.hantzschii出现在龙感湖内;以浮游种为优势种的东部湖区比以附生底栖种为优势种的西部湖区富营养化更严重,研究以期为湖泊治理提供一定的理论依据。