前伏不同角度富水溶洞下节理隧道最小防突层厚度研究*

为研究前伏不同角度富水溶洞下节理隧道最小防突层厚度,基于断裂力学和弹性力学理论,分析节理裂隙在开挖扰动和岩溶水压共同作用下的扩展起裂机理,建立隧道围岩节理翼裂纹扩展模型,将防突层厚度分为扰动带厚度和节理带厚度,提出含节理隧道掌子面最小防突层厚度计算方法;根据算例分析不同方位溶洞下节理长度、节理倾角、掌子面开挖大小等参数对最小防突层厚度的影响规律。结果表明:掌子面最小防突层厚度随溶洞方位角增大先增大后减小,在方位角为30°时出现峰值;防突层厚度受节理几何特征影响明显,防突层厚度随节理长度增大而增大,防突层厚度随节理倾角增大先增大,在达到峰值厚度后开始减小;溶洞方位角超过25°时,开挖半径对最小防突层厚度影响显著。该结论对岩溶地区的节理隧道开挖安全施工具有参考意义。     

Numerical investigation on performance of protective layer around large-scale chemical storage tank against impact by projectile

The protective layer of chemical storage tank has a significant effect in risk mitigation of projectile-related accidents but the research is still in infancy. In order to investigate the performance of protective layer against projectile, dynamic response process of the large-scale vertical storage tank impacted by the end-cap fragment is simulated based on the LS-DYNA. In this paper, some key factors (thickness, layering order and number of layers) affecting its performance are discussed, which can be characterized by the deformation degrees of the target tank. It is found that the anti-penetration performance is improved rapidly with the increase of thickness, and aluminum (Al) protective layer shows a higher sensitivity to thickness change compared to Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) protective layer. Three double-layered protective layers for different sequences are investigated and the Al-UHMWPE protective layer shows best performance. For the Al protective layers arranged in various combinations of equivalent total thickness, better performance is provided by monolithic structures than layered one. This study demonstrated the rational design of the protective layer around chemical storage tanks in material selection and structure configuration.     

近距离薄煤层群上保护层开采邻近层卸压瓦斯抽采模式探究*

为研究近距离薄煤层群上保护层开采期间邻近层卸压瓦斯对回采工作面瓦斯涌出的影响,进而有效杜绝保护层开采过程中工作面瓦斯积聚或超限等事故,结合煤岩体破碎前“应力-裂隙-渗透率”间关系,建立卸压瓦斯三维渗流模型。采用Flac3D软件,以新维煤矿煤层条件为工程背景,研究保护层开采过程采场渗透率沿纵向分布规律,确立下保护层C3煤层处于三维增渗区、C7与C8号煤层处于水平增渗区。基于此,提出“近场定向钻孔全覆盖抽采与远场穿层钻孔层间卸压抽采结合”的瓦斯治理技术模式,并开展现场试验,结果表明:试验工作面回风瓦斯浓度降低44.4%,绝对瓦斯涌出量降低52.3%,该模式可显著提高卸压瓦斯的治理效果,为类似工况下的保护层开采提出1种新的瓦斯抽采模式,具有一定的指导及借鉴意义。     

北京地区边界层大气臭氧浓度变化特征分析

利用2001-03～2006-10的大气臭氧探空资料,分析了近6 a北京边界层（2 km以下）大气臭氧浓度的平均月变化和季节变化规律.结果表明,边界层大气臭氧浓度的月变化很明显,1月臭氧浓度最小,地面臭氧浓度不到10×10^-9(体积分数,下同),上层（即2 km）臭氧浓度也不到50×10^-9.而6月臭氧浓度最大,地面达到85×10^-9,上层大于90×10^-9.臭氧浓度具有明显的季节特征,从臭氧浓度值来看,冬季最小,夏季最大.从地面到上层的臭氧浓度的变化幅度来看,冬季变化最大,夏季变化最小.根据廓线变化方式,臭氧浓度廓线可分为3种类型,冬季型、夏季型、春秋季型.不同高度臭氧月平均浓度也明显不同.分析地面及上层臭氧浓度与气象因子如温度和湿度的相关关系,发现地面臭氧浓度与温度具有较好的线性关系,相关系数在0 .85以上.     

Patterns of plant trait-environment relationships along a forest succession chronosequence

Land-use change due to socioeconomic factors leads to the abandonment of traditional intensive coppice management in large areas of the mountainous landscapes of the Apennines (Italy). In this study we explored the multivariate relationship between plant species traits, stage of forest succession and environmental gradients. We focused on community-level patterns in plant traits of the vegetation of beech forest understory along the regeneration chronosequence initiated after cessation of coppicing. We hypothesized that the correlations between the traits and environmental factors should increase with succession age due to the decreasing role of chance.Landscape-level heterogeneity, i.e. changing elevation, slope, exposition, bedrock and forest stand age was assessed using a stratified random sampling design. Sixty sites were sampled for stand structure and species composition. We focused on 14 plant traits related to persistence, growth and dispersal. The recently developed data-analytical method, Model-Based Recursive Partitioning, was used to disentangle the relationships between patterns of plant traits and environmental gradients.About half (seven) of the studied plant traits showed significant correlations with succession stand age, elevation, inclination, heat index and bedrock. Contrary to the low number of trait-environment correlations in early succession, eight traits showed significant relationships with one or more abiotic factors in older stages of the post-coppice development. Stand age had the highest independent explanatory power, explaining 40% of variance of SLA, more than 17% of variance of short-distance seed dispersal and more than 15% of variance of both long-term connection and extensive perennial root. Among the other abiotic factors, elevation explained 27% of variance of SLA, inclination explained 6-8% of variance of long-term connection, extensive perennial root, thickening and large bud bank.The observed trait-environmental relationship is assumed to be driven by various environmental factors operating at various levels of complexity. While forest succession in relatively homogeneous landscapes might be driven mainly by environmental factors related to forest succession itself and associated abiotic changes (such as changes in light and soil moisture patterns), in heterogeneous landscapes the succession pathways may be structured by landscape-level environmental factors such as inclination. However, in the present study, forest stand age had the highest explanatory power for most of the investigated traits, supporting the assumption of the overall strong impact of succession-driven environmental factors in trait-environment relationships.     

东莞市夏季大气边界层风、温场结构与特征研究

利用2008年5月4-20日东莞市探空观测资料,分析该地区夏季大气边界层内的风场、温度场特征进行研究,结果表明:1)各规定层高度主导风向为WNW,其风向频率值大于15%;2)风速随高度的增加而增大;3)接地逆温大约在20:00左右生成,02:00以后逐渐消失,从06:00到17:00没有观测到接地逆温,一天中接地逆温大约维持12 h左右;4)混合层高度在清晨厚度较薄,午后混合层厚度较厚,有利于污染物的扩散。     

Atmospheric mercury over the marine boundary layer observed during the third China Arctic Research Expedition

TGM measurements on board ships have proved to provide valuable complementary information to measurements by a ground based monitoring network. During the third China Arctic Research Expedition (from July 11 to September 24, 2008), TGM concentrations over the marine boundary layer along the cruise path were in-situ measured using an automatic mercury vapor analyzer. Here we firstly reported the results in Japan Sea, North Western Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, where there are rare reports. The value ranged between 0.30 and 6.02 ng/m³ with an average of (1.52 ± 0.68) ng/m³, being slightly lower than the background value of Northern Hemisphere (1.7 ng/m³). Notably TGM showed considerably spatial and temporal variation. Geographically, the average value of TGM in Bering Sea was higher than those observed in Japan Sea and North Western Pacific Ocean. In the north of Japan Sea TGM levels were found to be lower than 0.5 ng/m³ during forward cruise and displayed obviously diurnal cycle, indicating potential oxidation of gaseous mercury in the atmosphere. The pronounced episode was recorded as well. Enhanced levels of TGM were observed in the coastal regions of southern Japan Sea during backward cruise due primarily to air masses transported from the adjacent mainland reflecting the contribution from anthropogenic sources. When ship returned back and passed through Kamchatka Peninsula TGM increased by the potential contamination from volcano emissions.     

利用NDVI-Albedo反演厦门后溪流域地表特征

利用TM影像与6S模型反演获得精确NDVI与Albedo数据,在NDVI-Albedo散点图空间综合分析了后溪流域的植被和地表反照率空间分布特征。后溪流域整体上植被丰富,土壤湿度大,裸地少,并且流域内南北地表特征变化显著,北部山区以自然地表为主,南部平原以建设用地人工地表为主。南北地表类型差异在NDVI-Albedo空间中表现直观,利用NDVI-Albedo作为指示因子,在流域内的山区平原衔接部位设置13条样带,结合小波分析的方法,将后溪流域南北划分,确定出一条长12.26 km的地表分界线。此分界线代表南北不同地表类型,反映不同的城镇化水平与人类活动强度,为流域因地制宜分区管理提供了基础数据与依据。     

某型飞机进气道在噪声环境中的振动疲劳分析

某型飞机进气道常出现蒙皮裂纹、铆钉松动及掉铆钉头等故障,给飞行安全带来隐患.研究发现,此类故障是进气道在强噪声环境下,噪声脉动压力引起的结构振动疲劳损伤.应用阻尼层可降低强噪声对进气道蒙皮和铆钉的破坏.发动机地面试验结果表明,进气道阻尼层的应用显著降低了蒙皮壁板的振动量级.     

沙层应变观测特征的初步研究

沙层应变观测是一个全新的前兆观测,目前对它的研究还非常少,用淮安台、怀来台及合肥台的数据进行了对比,通过日变化特征、长期变化特征、年变化特征、干扰因素及噪声分析几个方面,从而对该观测手段进行更进一步的分析。