对我国臭氧层保护工作几个疑难问题的探讨

臭氧层保护是当前人类面临的一个重大全球性环境问题。我国保护臭氧层工作取得一定的成就 ,但为了更好地履行国际淘汰义务 ,必须首先解决几个疑难问题 :克服国际技术转让的障碍 ;切实进行进出口管理 ;加强机构间的协调与合作 ;加强对企业的引导并关注中小企业利益。同时还要充分利用现行环境管理法律制度 ,使其在ODS淘汰实践中发挥作用。     

复合式绿化林带在港区边界噪声防治中的应用

通过理论及实际研究复合式绿化林带降噪效果，设想通过在港区边界种植复合式绿化林带来解决港区噪声超标的问题，同时起到保护和保持生态平衡的作用。     

Detecting forest landscape boundary between Mountain Birch and evergreen coniferous forest in the northern slope of Changbai Mountain

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黄土丘陵区小流域植被建设的土壤水文效应

以纸坊沟流域为研究对象,研究了植被恢复后不同植被对土壤水分的影响情况,得出如下结论:①草地土壤水分含量大于灌木林地,灌木林地土壤水分含量大于乔木林地;②选用乡土树种油松造林对土壤的干化程度较轻,选用刺槐造林时要考虑立地条件和造林密度,林草隔带种植可以减轻土壤干化程度;③灌木林下阴坡土壤干层并不比阳坡干层程度轻。土壤干化程度和植被种类直接相关。此外,受种植密度及人为干扰影响;④和以前人们的认识不同,天然草本植被也会形成土壤干层,其中白羊草和长芒草形成有利于自身群落稳定的干层,但茭蒿形成的干层则对自身稳定不利,在植被建设上应引起足够重视。     

论生活垃圾处理与污染防治技术

详细分析了国内外生活垃圾污染途径和处理方法，根据中国生活垃圾的现状和特点，就国内外现有不同处理方式，提出了较为町行的生恬垃圾卫生填埋和污染防治技术。     

Characteristics of Resuspension,Settling and Diffusion of Particulate Matter in a Water Column

Experiments were conducted in order to characterize the distributions of concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in water columns of lakes and reservoirs. The experiments, in a reduced model of the water column, used a set of oscillating grids. Runs were done with particles denser than water as well as with light particles. The results were in good agreement with analytical solutions for steady-state, and non-steady-state conditions. An approximate analytical solution was derived and found to be in agreement with the full solution. The threshold for resuspension was measured, and characterized in terms of a modified Shields parameter, which is appropriate to a zero-shear environment. All experiments showed that the distribution of SPM exhibited a layer near the bottom that is thought to be analogous to the benthic nepheloid layer (BNL) observed in larger lakes. The thickness of the nepheloid layer increases with the turbulence intensity.     

边界元法在填埋场气体运移数值模拟中的应用

基于多孔介质流体动力学理论和边界元法原理,构建了填埋气运移边界元数值模型,进行填埋场内部填理气的运动规律研究;通过与理想条件下的解析解对比分析,检验了该边界元数值模型方法本身;进行了垂直抽气井设施的填埋场实例气体运动数值模拟,得到了填埋场内部填埋气体的压力分布情况,由此确定了集气井的影响范围.模型精度分析和模型验证结果表明,该模型与解析解的平均相对误差在3%以下,与实测数据的平均相对误差均在10%左右,具有较高的精度;抽气井模拟结果表明,该模型可应用于填埋场气体运移的模拟预测和现场分析,能够为填埋场释放气体控制系统设计和优化提供理论依据.     

森林土壤有机层生化特性及其对气候变化的响应研究进展

森林土壤有机层是指累积在土壤表面未分解到完全分解的有机残余物质,在全球碳循环中具有十分重要的作用和地位.目前有关森林土壤有机层的生态研究主要集中于土壤有机层的凋落物储量、水土保持功能、生物多样性保育功能及其生化特性等,而有关其对气候变化响应的研究报道还相当少见,且已有的研究主要关于土壤有机层的碳源/汇动态等,有关森林土壤有机层生化特性对气候变化响应的研究还相对较少,这与其在全球气候变化中的作用和地位是极不相称的.过去10a中,有关土壤有机层生化特性对气候变化响应的研究主要包括土壤有机层的微生物数量、微生物生物量、呼吸作用、有机物质分解动态(凋落物分解)、酶活性等对环境变化的响应等方面.进一步的控制实验研究被认为是相当重要的.参51     

Mass Transport in Vegetated Shear Flows

Submerged aquatic vegetation has the potential to greatly improve water quality through the removal of nutrients, particulates and trace metals. The efficiency of this removal depends heavily upon the rate of vertical mixing, which dictates the timescale over which these constituents remain in the canopy. Continuous dye injection experiments were conducted in a flume with model vegetation to characterize vertical mass transport in vegetated shear flows. Through the absorbance–concentration relationship of the Beer–Lambert Law, digital imaging was used to provide high-resolution concentration profiles of the dye plumes. Vertical mass transport is dominated by the coherent vortices of the vegetated shear layers. This is highlighted by the strong periodicity of the transport and its simple characterization based on properties of the shear layer. For example, the vertical turbulent diffusivity is directly proportional to the shear and thickness of the layer. The turbulent diffusivity depends upon the size of the plume, such that the rate of plume growth is lower near the source. In the far-field, mass is mixed more than twice as rapidly as momentum. Finally, plume size is dictated predominantly by X, a dimensionless distance that scales upon the number of vortex rotations experienced by the plume.     

Transport and Diffusion of Ozone in the Nocturnal and Morning Planetary Boundary Layer of the Phoenix Valley

The evolution of ozone (O ₃) in the nocturnal and morning-transitional planetary boundary layer (PBL) of the Phoenix valley was measured as a part of the `Phoenix Sunrise Experiment 2001' of the U.S. Department of Energy conducted in June 2001. The goal of the field program was to study the transport, distribution and storage of ozone and its precursors in the urban boundary layer over a diurnal cycle. The ground level O <sub>3</sub> as well as mean meteorological variables and turbulence were measured over the entire period, and vertical profiling (using a tethered balloon) was made during the morning transition period. Approximately half of the observational days showed the usual diurnal cycle of high O <sub>3</sub> during the day and low O <sub>3</sub> at night, with nitrogen oxides (NO <sub>x</sub> = NO <sub>2</sub> + NO) showing an out of phase relationship with O <sub>3</sub>. The rest of the days were signified by an anomalous increase of O <sub>3</sub> in the late evening ( 2200 LST), concomitant with a sudden drop of temperature, an enhancement of wind speed and Reynolds stresses, a positive heat flux and a change of wind direction. NO <sub>x</sub> measurements indicated the simultaneous arrival of an `aged' air mass, which was corroborated by the wind predictions of a mesoscale numerical model. In all, the results indicate that the recirculation of O ₃ rich air masses is responsible for the said high-O ₃ events. Such air masses are produced during the transport of O ₃ precursors by the upslope flow toward mountainous suburbs during the day, and they return back to the city at night via downslope winds (i.e. mountain breeze). The corresponding flow patterns, and hence the high-O ₃ events, are determined by background meteorological conditions. The vertical profiling of O ₃ and flow variables during the morning transition points to a myriad of transport, mixing and chemical processes that determine the fate of tropospheric O ₃. How well such processes are incorporated and resolved in predictive O ₃ models should determine the accuracy of their predictions.