胶州湾COD、N、P污染物浓度数值模拟

在已建潮流模型的基础上，建立了胶州湾三维变边界污染物平流-扩散模型，模拟了胶州湾COD、N、P污染物现状浓度分布。结果表明，胶州湾主要污染因子为N，海湾东北部污染较为严重，东岸形成一条狭长的带状污染区，模拟结果与实测资料符合良好。本文统计了COD、N、P超标面积，N超一类水域面积为253km^2，占整个胶州湾面积的64％，COD和P大部分水域满足一类海水水质标准。模拟结果可为胶州湾水质管理、入海污染物总量控制提供依据。     

Progress in developing an ANN model for air pollution index forecast

An air pollution index (API) reporting system is introduced to selected cities of China for public communication on air quality data. Shanghai is the first city in China providing daily average API reports and forecasts. This paper describes the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) model for the API forecasting in Shanghai. It is a multiple layer perceptron (MLP) network, with meteorological forecasting data as the main input, to output the next day average API values. However, the initial version of the MLP model did not work well. To improve the model, a series of tests were conducted with respect to the training method and structure optimization. Based on the test results, the training algorithm was modified and a new model was built. The new model is now being used in Shanghai for API forecasting. Its performance is shown reasonably well in comparison with observation. The application of the old model was only weakly correlated with observation. In 1-year application, the correlation coefficients were 0.2314, 0.1022 and 0.1710 for TSP, SO₂ and NO_x, respectively. But for the new model, for over 8 months application, the correlation coefficients are raised to 0.6056, 0.6993 and 0.6300 for PM₁₀, SO₂, and NO₂. Further, the new algorithm does not rely on manpower intervention so that it is now being applied in several other Chinese cities with quite different meteorological conditions. The structure of the model and the application results are presented in this paper and also the problems to be further studied.     

A new approach for modelling potential effects in cation adsorption onto binary (hydr) oxides

The current approach for modelling ion adsorption onto binary (hydr)oxides using homogeneous surface complexation models involves the assumption of either an ideal mixture of the two surfaces (i.e. two surface sites on one surface) or a patchwise surface (i.e. two surfaces with one surface site on each surface). As the physical truth should be between these two limiting cases, a model which assumes a patchwise surface constituted of three patches is proposed. Two patches represent the distinct (hydr)oxides, and the third one a mixture of these distinct (hydr)oxides. Using the diffuse layer model, the three approaches are applied to literature data for Cd adsorption onto binary mixtures of alumina-coated silica at total constant Cd concentration and varying amounts of alumina coatings. For Cd adsorption onto these binary (hydr)oxide systems, the new approach explains the observed potential effects. The proposed model, which contains two additional adjustable parameters in terms of site concentrations or one adjustable parameter in terms of specific surface area, is more successful than the two limiting cases. The new model is then validated by predicting Ca and Zn behaviour on the same binary (hydr)oxide system.     

基于精细化观测的沙尘通量分布特征

研究沙尘随高度的变化特征对揭示沙尘物质在近地层分布特征具有重要意义。为揭示0—80 m沙尘通量的垂直分布规律,在野外实测的基础上,选取2008年7月20日、8月7日、8月19日、8月29日4次沙尘天气,对贴地层（0—0.05 m）、中间层（0.05—2 m）、近地层（2—80 m）的沙尘通量进行对比分析。结果表明：贴地层（0—0.05 m）,沙尘通量随着高度的增高呈增加趋势,最大值为1604.29 g?mm^?2。中间层（0.05—2 m）,沙尘通量随高度分布的关系为幂函数关系,且随着高度的升高沙尘通量减小,决定系数R²值均在0.9以上。近地层（2—80 m）,沙尘通量随高度增加呈分段函数分布,32 m、48 m处为沙尘通量的拐点高度。由此看出,研究沙尘通量对阐明沙尘输送机制非常重要,不仅可加强对沙尘输送的定量研究,还可为沙尘输送的数值模拟提供重要参数。     

综合生态安全格局构建与城市扩张模拟的城市增长边界划定——以天水市规划区（2015—2030年）为例

传统的城市增长边界划定方法,一般仅考虑生态安全格局,并未考虑在现有客观条件下的城市扩张趋势,划定结果具有一定的主观性;或仅对城市的扩张进行模拟,忽略了城市的生态安全问题。针对上述问题,论文通过耦合城市综合生态安全格局与基于CA_Markov模型的城市扩张模拟结果,提出了一种新的城市增长边界划定方法:首先,合理选取因子构建研究区的综合生态安全格局,利用禁建区对综合生态安全格局的结果进行修正,获得研究区的刚性增长边界;其次,合理选取城市扩张驱动因子,通过CA_Markov模型预测城市扩张边界;最后,综合考虑刚性增长边界、模拟获得的城市扩张边界及近期城市拓展方案等,获得最终的城市增长边界。并以天水市规划区（2015—2030）为案例,对方法的科学性进行了说明。结果表明,论文划定的城市增长边界内总面积370.56 km²,占规划区总面积的7.7%。此方法能够有效解决城市增长与生态保护之间的矛盾,对河谷型城市等建设用地匮乏、生态环境脆弱城市的增长边界划定具有良好的应用价值,也可为其他类型城市的城市增长边界划定提供参考。     

WRF模式对污染天气下边界层高度的模拟研究

大气边界层高度是影响大气污染物浓度的重要因素之一,但数值模式中选择不同边界层参数化方案模拟的边界层高度有很大差异.利用WRF模式中5种边界层参数化方案及2006~2007年春、秋、冬3季河北香河地区激光雷达观测资料,对比分析了污染天气下,不同边界层方案对边界层高度的模拟效果,并分析了误差产生的可能原因.结果表明：5种参数化方案均能模拟出3季污染天气下边界层高度的变化特征,但各方案模拟的边界层高度与观测之间均存在较大误差.模拟的最大边界层高度月变化特征显示,秋冬季的模拟结果与观测值匹配较好,春季偏差较大;模拟的边界层高度日变化显示,均方根误差：春季 > 秋季 > 冬季,且误差在午后（14：00~18：00）更加明显;对该地区而言,非局地YSU方案能较好地模拟污染天气下的边界层高度;各参数化方案中边界层高度计算方法的不同及对大气廓线、湍流动能的模拟差异,可能是造成模拟边界层高度产生误差的主要原因.     

基于HLA的大气环境仿真应用研究

针对大气环境仿真的特点,采用HLA分布式仿真技术,论述了以HLA/RTI为支撑的大气环境分布式仿真体系结构、关键技术及实现方案,并对该环境下开发大气环境联邦成员进行了详细的说明,实现了大气环境建模与仿真应用的一体化设计,从而提高了大气环境仿真应用的互操作性和可重用性,为大气环境仿真向其它系统仿真应用提供了一种有效的手段。     

武汉阳逻砾石层ESR地层年代学研究

武汉"阳逻砾石层"是长江中下游新生代的一个重要的岩石地层单位,其形成年代一直是地质和地理学者关注的重要问题。为了更深入地探讨这一问题,在它的两个典型的剖面中采集了8个样品进行ESR地质年代测试,测试结果表明,阳逻砾石层形成于新近纪早更新世中晚期。将本次ESR测年数据与前人的热释光的测年数据、江汉平原西缘和北缘相同岩石地层层位和相同地貌位置的砾石层的测年数据、长江中下游网纹砾石层的测年数据比较发现,它们具有较好的一致性。     

加速吉林省国界河流网络环境监测站标准化建设的建议

本文通过对吉林省国界河流水质状况分析,对其网络环境监测站的监测能力、监测设备等基本情况进行了调查,提出了加速基层网络环境监测站的标准化建设的建议。     

Effects of tectonic stress environment on tectonophysical features of deformed coal

To study the effects of the tectonic stress environment on the tectonophysical features of deformed coal, No.8 Mine in the Pingdingshan mine area is used as a study area and the relationship between the development of deformed coal, distribution of fractures, formation of deformed coal and tectonic stress environment are analyzed. The results indicate that the thickness of the bedrock layer should be included in the analysis of the tectonic stress environment for a region of intense tectonic activity. Although the reverse faulting stress regime can control the development of deformed coal, the C seam is extremely sensitive to the stress regime. The most advantageous direction of the deformed coal fractures is consistent with the regional maximum principal stress, and the development of fractures is closely related to the evolution of the tectonic stress environment. The fracture density of the E seam presents a uniform distribution, yet that of the C seam is completely heterogeneous. Superposition and compounding of the tectonic communities evidently increase the fracture density of the deformed coal. There is a relatively apparent boundary between the different types of deformation, which gradually transform from brittle to ductile with a decreasing lateral pressure coefficient. A generalized deformation pattern of the deformed coal is proposed and can be divided into frictional sliding and solid flow.