牡蛎壳粉末投加UASB反应器的运行特性

采用牡蛎壳粉末作为UASB反应器的辅助介质,探讨了牡蛎壳钙盐的溶出特性,系统考察了运行期中牡蛎壳粉末添加方式、进水有机负荷、水力停留时间等因素对反应器出水COD、碱度与pH的影响,分析了污泥比产甲烷活性变化。结果表明,当初始pH从5到9变化时,牡蛎壳粉末溶出Ca2+浓度为40~65 mg/L,平衡pH稳定在7.7~8.0;当进水COD负荷从3.4 kg/(m3·d)逐渐增至7.0 kg/(m3·d)、牡蛎壳粉末投加量从1.5 g/d逐渐增至3.2 g/d时,与未投加的反应器相比,投加牡蛎壳粉末反应器的启动周期缩短了10%左右,COD去除率与比产甲烷活性分别提高了13.3%和22%。投加牡蛎壳粉末可有效提供碱度,加快污泥的颗粒化进程。     

椰壳基活性炭吸附高氯酸盐污染物的研究

为确定高氯酸盐污染物椰壳基活性炭吸附的最佳工艺参数,以高氯酸铵模拟废水为处理对象,通过L25(5)4正交试验考察活性炭投加量、温度、pH值、高氯酸盐初始浓度等参数对活性炭吸附率的影响规律。结果表明,ClO4-的去除率随着活性炭投加量的增加、ClO4-初始浓度的增大而增大,在偏中性的环境中具有较高的去除率,高温不利于活性炭的吸附反应。最佳工艺参数:活性炭投加量为0.4 g/L,pH为中性,温度为25℃,高氯酸盐初始质量浓度为2 mg/L。在最佳工艺参数条件下对ClO4-的吸附率为74.87%。     

生物炭强化模拟废水中高浓度苯酚的微生物降解

采用花生壳生物质废物分别在350、550和750℃条件下限氧热解制备生物炭,之后加入到苯酚污染模拟废水中,验证其强化苯酚微生物降解的效果.结果表明,未加生物炭的系统中,苯酚浓度过低(≤110 mg·L~(-1))不能使菌体达到最大浓度,苯酚浓度过高(≥420 mg·L~(-1))则会抑制菌体生长,降解率仅为43.2%,且停滞期长.添加生物炭后,苯酚去除率大幅度提高,在6～16 h时微生物进入对数生长期,苯酚浓度快速降低.2、4和6 g·L~(-1)的生物炭添加量均可使苯酚在16 h内被完全去除,高添加量的生物炭能吸附39.3%的苯酚,降低其对微生物的毒性抑制.550℃热解温度制备的生物炭取得了最好的强化效果,其pH缓冲作用可中和苯酚降解产生的酸性物质,而750℃热解温度制备的生物炭由于pH过高而使菌体难以存活.生物炭在相对低苯酚浓度下(600、800 mg·L~(-1))可显著提高其去除率,分别从29.6%、24.5%升至46.9%、36.9%.而对于初始苯酚浓度高达1000 mg·L~(-1)以上的系统,则需要海藻酸钙凝胶固定菌体到生物炭才能获得较高的降解率.     

生物壳体Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca、~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值在恢复古气候、古环境中的应用——以小渡口剖面为例

生物壳体的Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca比值能反映其沉积水体的Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca比值 ,在一定条件下反映水体的盐度、温度 ,并分别与宿生水体的盐度、温度呈正比关系。生物壳体的87Sr/ 86Sr比值是恢复盆地古水文条件的一种重要手段。本文以著名的泥河湾盆地小渡口剖面的第 2 8层为实例 ,力图通过对有孔虫、介形虫、腹足类生物壳体Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca比值与87Sr/ 86Sr比值的对比研究 ,并结合前人所作的中更新世古地理特征研究 ,来恢复生物壳体沉积时泥河湾古湖水的温度、盐度 ,进而进行古气候、古环境的恢复。研究结果表明 :在 0 .97～ 0 .94Ma间 ,古泥河湾湖为一陆相湖泊 ,湖水的温度、盐度变化趋势相吻合 ,均呈低—高—低的演化特征 ,可能对应着盆地水体的扩展—退缩—扩展变化。其中 ,在 0 .96～ 0 .95Ma间 ,古泥河湾湖具有较高的温度、盐度特征。     

硅改性花生壳生物炭对水中磷的吸附特性

为实现花生壳资源化利用,通过硅酸钠溶液对花生壳进行浸渍改性,再热解制备成硅改性花生壳生物炭(Si-PSBs),探究Si-PSBs对水中磷的吸附特性.结果表明,相比于未改性花生壳生物炭(PSB),Si-PSBs对磷的吸附量明显增大,8%硅酸钠溶液改性的生物炭(8%Si-PSB)对磷的吸附量是改性前的3.9倍.SEM、FTIR和XRD等结果表明8%Si-PSB上有二氧化硅生成,二氧化硅影响吸附过程中源于生物炭的碳酸钙形态,提高了生物炭自身所含金属离子Ca²⁺的反应活性.强酸强碱环境中,8%Si-PSB对磷均具有良好的吸附效果.反应平衡后,8%Si-PSB和PSB对磷的吸附量分别在2.79 mg·g^-1和0.71 mg·g^-1上下浮动,对磷的吸附均更符合准二级动力学模型,说明反应以化学吸附为主.等温吸附实验数据采用Langmuir模型拟合度更高,说明8%Si-PSB和PSB对磷的吸附均以单层吸附为主.溶液中腐殖酸(HA)的存在抑制8%Si-PSB和PSB对磷的吸附.8%SiPSB是一种低成本的新型除磷材料,可提高花生壳自身金属...     

Dry reforming of methane over oil palm shell activated carbon and ZSM-5 supported cobalt catalysts

In this study, cobalt supported oil palm shell activated carbon (Co/OPS-AC) and ZSM-5 zeolite (Co/ZSM-5) catalysts have been prepared for dry reforming of methane. Cobalt ratios of 6.0 and 14.0 wt% were deposited via wet impregnation method to the OPS-AC and ZSM-5 catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption--desorption isotherms, BET surface area, SEM, FESEM-EDX, TPR-H₂, and TPD-NH₃. The dry reforming of methane was performed using a micro reactor system under the condition of 10,000 ml/h.g-cat, 3 atm, CH₄/CO₂ ratio of 1.2:1.0 and temperature range from 923 K to 1023 K. The gaseous products were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and further quantified to determine the conversions of CH₄ and CO₂, and the yields of CO and H₂. Experimental results revealed both catalysts exhibited lower conversions of CO₂ and CH₄ with the increase in temperature from 923 K to 1023 K. The reduced conversions may be due to the formation of carboneous substance on the catalyst known as coking. Comparatively, Co/OPS-AC gave higher conversions of CO₂ and CH₄ as well as higher yields of H₂ and CO as it has a higher surface area than Co/ZSM-5 which subsequently rendered higher activity for the reforming of methane. With the increasing cobalt loadings and reaction temperature, OPS-AC(14) catalyst exhibited improved activity and H₂/CO ratio. Based on these results, cobalt supported OPS activated carbon catalyst was suggested to be more effective for CO₂ and CH₄ conversions.     

竹子生物质废弃物前处理技术比较研究

为开发高效、低成本的预处理技术,促进竹子生物质及其废弃物资源的能源化利用,采用3种不同纤维素预处理方法分别对竹子生物质废弃物——笋壳和竹叶(茎)进行比较研究,同时与玉米秸秆相比较.结果表明,在稀H2SO4–酶解工艺、浓H3PO4–酶解工艺和NaOH–酶解工艺条件下,几种样品水解液中分别存在3、4和5种糖类组分.在稀H2SO4–酶解工艺中,木糖为主要成分,其次为葡萄糖;在浓H3PO4–酶解工艺中,葡萄糖为主要成分,其次为木糖;而在NaOH–酶解工艺,葡萄糖和木糖含量基本相当.同时对样品处理前后的表面结构变化分析表明,不同处理工艺均改变了竹叶(茎)、笋壳和秸秆等样品的表面结构,其结构更为松散,从而有利于纤维素的酶解.     

不同热解温度生物炭对 Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附特性

以花生壳和中药渣为原料,分别于300、350、400、500、600℃下慢速热解制备生物炭,并表征其物理化学性质.研究不同p H、吸附时间和Cd(Ⅱ)浓度下生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附特征.结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,生物炭的碳化程度增加,比表面积增大,含氧官能团数量减少,π共轭芳香结构更加完备,Ca和Mg等无机元素不断富集,矿物溶解性降低,导致了Cd(Ⅱ)在不同热解温度生物炭上吸附能力及机制的差异.随溶液p H的升高(2.0~6.0),生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量逐渐增加.吸附过程可分为快吸附和慢吸附两个阶段,吸附速度受膜扩散、颗粒内扩散和沉淀作用、离子交换等过程的控制.随热解温度的升高,快吸附在生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附中所占比例逐渐降低.高温生物炭(≥500℃)中含氧官能团的锐减及难溶晶体矿物的形成降低了其对Cd(Ⅱ)的快吸附速率.沉淀和离子交换可能是低温生物炭(≤400℃)吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的主要机制;高温生物炭(≥500℃)中更完备的π共轭芳香结构增加了Cd-π作用对吸附的贡献,而难溶磷酸盐和碳酸盐的形成则降低了沉淀作用对吸附的贡献.这些研究结果为筛选对Cd(Ⅱ)具有高效去除或固持能力的功能生物炭(designer biochar)提供了重要的理论数据.     

An Investigation of Thermal Decomposition Behavior of Hazelnut Shells

Turkey has a drastic potential in terms of biomass energy and it would be of utmost importance for our energy mix if this huge amount of energy is to be utilized. Thermochemical conversion is the most dominant one among the energy conversion processes. The carbonization process is the key point in determining the kinetic parameters of the fuels utilized. Thereafter, the kinetic parameters obtained from carbonization would be utilized in designing the thermochemical conversion equipments. In this study, the thermal decomposition behavior of hazelnut shells was investigated via dynamical thermogravimetry (TG) under N₂ atmosphere. In order to determine the effects of heating rate and gas flow rate, the experiments were performed in four different heating rates of 5, 20, 50, and 100 K/min and two different nitrogen flow rates of 50 and 100 cm³/min. As the heating rate was increased, peak temperature was increased, maximum temperature shifted to the right (higher T zones) and the maximum rate of weight loss was increased. In addition, lignin decomposition temperature interval was decreased whereas; cellulose decomposition temperature interval was increased. Increasing the heating rate from 5 to 20 K/min, hemicellulose decomposition temperature interval was increased. Total weight loss was slightly increased by the increase of gas flow rate. Kinetic parameters were calculated according to Coats Redfern method. It was found that activation energies of thermal decomposition reactions of hazelnut shell varied between 1.30 and 32.19 kJ/mol.     

广西郁江贝丘遗址群与稀遇洪水

水文方法估算稀遇洪水受到资料短缺的限制，用考古方法——贝丘遗址与稀遇洪水相关方法可以为稀遇洪水的估算提供辅证。郁江河段贝丘遗址群考古有一定的研究基础。研究表明，贝丘遗址的高程可作为稀遇洪水位的参考上限，对此，还通过地貌方法进行了检验。