Mother gestational exposure to organophosphorus pesticide induces neuron and glia loss in daughter adult brain

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphorus pesticide with developmental neurotoxicity such as morphogenesis toxicity. In the present study, we assessed the effects of prenatal CPF exposure on systemic parameters and cytoarchitecture of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in adulthood. Gestational dams were exposed to 5mg/kg/d of CPF during gestational days 13–17, while body weight, organ coefficient, and neuron and glia counts of offspring were determined on postnatal day 60. Our results showed that CPF treatment induced little or no effects on body weight and organ coefficients. There were also no significant pathological changes in mPFC. However, neuron and glia count analysis showed that CPF treatment reduced neuron and glia counts in anterior cingulate, prelimbic, and infralimbic areas of mPFC. The CPF react pattern was similar in both sexes, and there was no statistical difference in most of the sub-regions. Thus, our results revealed an embryonic origin brain deficit induced by gestational mother pesticide exposure.     

How to Build an Efficient Conservation Fence

Abstract:  Barriers are used to achieve diverse objectives in conservation and biosecurity. In conservation management, fences are often erected to exclude introduced predators and to contain diseased animals or invasive species. Planning an efficient conservation fence involves a number of decisions, including the size and design of the enclosure. We formulated the first general framework for building a fence that minimizes long-term management costs by balancing the expense of constructing a more secure barrier against the costs of coping with more frequent failures. The approach systematically considers the range of potential solutions to a well-defined fencing problem and results in a solution that maximizes conservation return on investment. We illustrated this method by designing efficient fences to address two different conservation goals: exclusion of invasive predators from populations of threatened eastern barred bandicoots ( Perameles gunnii ) and maintenance of isolated populations of healthy Tasmanian devils ( Sarcophilus harrisii ). A systematic approach to conservation fencing allows the best fence design to be chosen quantitatively and defensibly. It also facilitates conservation decisions at a strategic level by allowing fencing to be compared transparently with alternative conservation management actions.     

Protective action of zinc against lead poisoning in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

The accumulation of lead (Pb) in tilapias Oreochromis niloticus, acclimatized in cement tanks, and fed once a day with pellets of commercial food with lead nitrate, was investigated by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWV). The head (including head bones, proteins, and brain) was the main target of lead uptake by tilapias, with a small amount in muscle tissue. A high concentration of Pb was found in feces which indicated low absorption by the organism when fed with high Pb concentration. The protective effects of zinc (Zn) against the Pb poisoning, the accumulation of Pb in the heads of the fishes of 107.8?±?3.1?mg?kg^?1 and in the viscera of 57.1?±?2.9?mg?kg^?1 with consequent decrease of calcium (Ca) concentration, were observed. In spite of the experimental time of 16 months and higher Pb concentration in the dietary food of 320?mg?kg^?1, no death of tilapias was observed due to the protective action of Zn.     

姜黄素对宫颈癌淋巴转移动物模型干预效应研究

目的 研究姜黄素对IGF-1调控的宫颈癌淋巴转移动物模型的研究.方法 建立宫颈癌淋巴转移鸡胚尿囊膜（CAM）模型,并观察姜黄素对IGF-1调控的淋巴管生成的作用.结果 ①在健康受精的SPF鸡胚的CAM上接种不同浓度的Hela细胞悬液1×103/L～1×108/L存活率差异没有统计学意义.1×107/L为最适接种浓度.②移植瘤组织切片HE染色课件癌细胞聚集成癌巢,与人宫颈癌形态相似.免疫组化染色,可见移植瘤内有微淋巴管形成③对照组、IGF-1组、Cur组和IGF-1＋ Cur组的LMVD依次为21.28±10.13、28.58±12.26、16.23±8.76和18.23±9.36条/4HP,LVA依次为2.91±1.16、3.42±1.25、2.00±1.51和2.72±1.21％,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 在鸡胚人宫颈癌移植瘤模型中可观察到姜黄素对IGF-1调控的宫颈癌淋巴管生成的抑制作用.图3,表3,参9.     

苯醚甲环唑对斑马鱼抗氧化酶的影响

以斑马鱼为模式生物研究了三唑类杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑对斑马鱼脑和肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)四种抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果发现:苯醚甲环唑暴露后,斑马鱼脑中CAT酶活性随暴露时间延长呈现出先升高后降低的趋势.50μg/L及更高浓度的苯醚甲环唑能够显著抑制斑马鱼脑和肝脏中GPx的活性,且对脑中GPx活性的抑制程度更强.另外,500μg/L苯醚甲环唑处理后,斑马鱼肝脏和脑中GR活性表现出不同的变化趋势,肝脏中GR活性下降,而脑中GR活性升高.上述结果表明50μg/L的苯醚甲环唑即可影响斑马鱼的抗氧化系统,其对农业水域中的鱼类影响值得重视.     

二嗪磷对鸟类脑组织乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

为了初步研究有机磷农药二嗪磷对鸟类的毒性作用,采用室内饲喂染毒的方法,分析了二嗪磷对鹌鹑、鹧鸪及斑鸠3种鸟脑组织乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性的影响。鹌鹑、鹧鸪采用经食饲喂,染毒剂量分别为0、40、80、160、320、600mg·kg-1饲料和0、400、800、1600、3200、6000mg·kg-1饲料,试验周期8d;斑鸠采用拌种饲喂(1mL50%二嗪磷乳油拌500g麦种),染毒剂量为0、1.2、2.0、4.0、8.0mg·kg-1体重,一次性染毒后进行常规饲养,试验周期15d。结果表明,二嗪磷对3种鸟脑组织AChE活性均有一定程度的抑制作用:各染毒组死亡鸟AChE活性较对照降低显著(p<0.05,p<0.01),活性抑制率均超过40%;各染毒组存活鸟AChE活性较对照也有所降低,但活性抑制率均未超过20%.以上结果提示,抑制脑组织AChE活性可能是二嗪磷致鸟类死亡的重要原因。     

Traumatic brain injury mortality among U.S. children and adolescents ages 0–19 years, 1999–2017

IntroductionTo examine recent traumatic brain injury (TBI) mortality changes among Americans aged 0–19 years by sex, age, urbanicity, state, and intent/causes of injury. Method: TBI mortality per 100,000 population and average annual percent changes (AAPCs), plus 95% confidence intervals (CIs) based on Joinpoint regression models. Results: Age-adjusted TBI mortality among Americans aged 0–19 years declined consistently, though at varying rates between 1999 and 2013 (AAPC = −4.8%, 95%CI: −6.3%, −3.2%), and then significantly increased from 4.42 per 100,000 population in 2013 to 5.17 per 100,000 population in 2017 (AAPC = 3.4%, 95% CI: 1.7%, 5.1%). During the study time period, boys, rural children, and youth aged 15–19 years had higher TBI mortality rates than girls, urban children, and younger children, respectively. TBI mortality from unintentional transport crashes decreased substantially in all age groups between 1999 and 2017, and especially from 1999 to 2010. TBI mortality from suicide increased significantly from 2008 to 2017 in the 10–14-year age group (AAPC = 14.6%, 95% CI: 12.6%, 16.6%) and from 2007 to 2017 in the 15–19-year age group (AAPC = 6.3%, 95% CI: 3.8%, 8.7%). Unintentional transport crashes were the leading cause of TBI-related mortality in 46 states in 1999, but by 2017, suicide became the first leading cause in 14 states. Conclusions: Pediatric TBI mortality declined consistently between 1999 and 2013 and increased significantly from 2013 to 2017, driven primarily by the mortality decrease from unintentional transport crashes and increase in suicide mortality. The spectrum of leading causes of pediatric TBI mortality changed across age groups and over time from 1999 to 2017. Practical Applications: TBI mortality increases in the United States since 2013 are driven primarily by increasing suicide rates, a trend that merits the attention of policy-makers and injury researchers. Action should be taken to curb growing TBI mortality rates among adolescents aged 10–19 years.     

Long-term toxicology and carcinogenicity of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol

Carcinogenesis bioassays were conducted by giving 2,4,6-trichlorophenol [2,4,6-TCP] in feed to groups of 50 male and female Fischer rats and male B6C3F1 mice for two years. Dietary concentrations were 0 [20/group], 5000 [0.5%], or 10,000 [1%] ppm. Female mice began with 10,000 and 20,000 ppm but after 38 weeks were lowered due to reduced body weights to 2500 and 5000 ppm for 67 weeks; exposures averaged 5200 and 10,400 ppm. Adverse effects at two years were leukocytosis and monocytosis of peripheral blood and hyperplasia of bone marrow in both sexes of rats. In mice, liver toxicity, including individual liver cell abnormalities, focal areas of cellular alteration, and focal and nodular areas of hyperplasia were commonly present. Regarding carcinogenic activity, TCP caused leukemias/lymphomas in male rats, and possibly in female rats and female mice as well, and induced liver tumors in male and female mice. Using NTP categories of evidence indicates ‘clear evidence of carcinogenicity’ for male rats [hematopoietic system tumors]; ‘equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity’ for female rats [hematopoietic system tumors]; ‘clear evidence of carcinogenicity’ for male and female mice [liver tumors].     

Fall-related traumatic brain injury deaths and hospitalizations among older adults--United States, 2005

PROBLEM: Among older adults, both unintentional falls and traumatic brain injuries (TBI) result in significant morbidity and mortality; however, only limited national data on fall-related TBI are available. METHOD: To examine the relationship between older adult falls and TBI deaths and hospitalizations, CDC analyzed 2005 data from the National Center for Health Statistics' National Vital Statistics System and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Nationwide Inpatient Sample. RESULTS: In 2005, among adults>or=65 years, there were 7946 fall-related TBI deaths and an estimated 56,423 hospitalizations for nonfatal fall-related TBI in the United States. Fall-related TBI accounted for 50.3% of unintentional fall deaths and 8.0% of nonfatal fall-related hospitalizations. SUMMARY: These findings underscore the need for greater dissemination and implementation of evidence-based fall prevention interventions.