Test of Firefighter’s Turnout Gear in Hot and Humid Air Exposure

Five students of a rescue training school cycled at 50 W for 20 min at 20 °C before walking at 5 km/hr up to 30 min in a climatic chamber at 55 °C and 30% relative humidity. 4 different types of clothing ensembles differing in terms of thickness and thermal insulation value were tested on separate days. All subjects completed 28–30 min in light clothing, but quit after 20–27 min in 3 firefighter ensembles due to a rectal temperature of 39 °C or subjective fatigue. No difference in the evolution of mean skin or rectal temperature was seen for the 3 turnout ensembles. Sweat production amounted to about 1000 g in the turnout gears of which less than 20% evaporated. It was concluded that the small differences between the turnout gears in terms of design, thickness and insulation value had no effect on the resulting heat physiological strain for the given experimental conditions.     

硝酸异辛酯的热安全性研究

为了研究十六烷值改进剂—硝酸异辛酯(EHN)的热稳定性与热危险性,采用C600微型量热仪测试硝酸异辛酯的热分解特性.利用热分析技术考察温升速率对EHN热分解特性的影响,并利用活化能、TMRad(在绝热条件下最大反应速率到达时间)和自加速分解速率(SADT)方法评价此改进剂的危险性.结果表明,EHN发生分解反应的起始放热温度和最大放热温度均随着温升速率的增加而增大,且四种温升速率的反应机理是一致的.计算得到EHN热分解活化能在143.6-213.6kJ/mol之间.通过绝热条件下TMRad评价得出EHN在常温常压条件下不易发生危险失控,EHN自加速分解温度为98℃＞75℃,即在常温条件下储运是安全的,为储运硝酸异辛酯提供有力的数据支持.     

EXCEL数据处理软件在环境试验设备温度校准中的应用

人工模拟环境试验中气候环境试验的条件是否真实,主要取决于环境试验设备技术性能指标,主要包括温度偏差、温度均匀度、温度波动度.由于测试点较多,在数据处理及结果不确定度评定上工作量较大,因此使用EXCEL数据处理软件进行计算,一方面保证了数据准确可靠,另一方面提高了工作效率.     

A Two‐Decade Watershed Approach to Stream Restoration Log Jam Design and Stream Recovery Monitoring: Finney Creek,Washington

A federal, state, and private partnership leveraged resources and employed a long‐term, systematic approach to improve aquatic habitat degraded by decades of intensive forest management in Finney Creek, a tributary to the Skagit River of Northwest Washington State. After more than a decade of work to reduce sediment sources and the risk of landslides within the watershed, log jam installation commenced in 1999 and progressed downstream through 2010. Log jam design was adapted as experience was gained. A total of 181 log jams, including 60 floating log ballasted jams, were constructed along 12 km of channel. The goal was to alter hydraulic processes that affect aquatic habitat formation along 39 km of stream with emphasis on 18.5 km of lower Finney Creek. Aquatic habitat surveys over a five‐year period show an increase in the area of large pools and an accompanying increase in residual and maximum pool depth in the lower river reach. Channel cross sections show a generally deeper channel at the log jams, better channel definition in the gravel deposits at the head of the log jams, and improved riffle and thalweg development below the log jams. Stream temperature in the upper river decreased by 1.0°F in the first three years, and 1.1°F in the lowest treated reach over nine years. There is a trend of less stream heating over the restoration time period. Photo points show that riparian vegetation is recolonizing gravel bars.     

Interannual fluctuations in acoustic biomass estimates and in landings of small pelagic fish populations in relation to hydrology in the Strait of Sicily

The main results of research work carried out since 1998 with regard to the application of hydro-acoustic technologies for the evaluation of biomass and distribution of small pelagic fish species off the southern coast of Sicily are presented, taking into account information from hydrology and from ecology of the fish populations targeted. The biomass estimates and the population-density charts presented concern the two main species, i.e. sardine Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758). Both the sardine and anchovy populations experienced large inter-annual fluctuations, with biomass estimates ranging from 6000 to over 36,000 tonnes (t) (sardine) and from about 7000 to 23,000 t (anchovy). Acoustic estimates are largely consistent with landings recorded in Sciacca (the main fishing port for small pelagic species in the study area) during the year following the evaluation surveys. In addition, trends in sardine and anchovy biomass estimates appears to be negatively correlated with the mean sea surface temperature calculated over the time intervals January-September (sardine) and June-November (anchovy) of the preceding year, which correspond to larval and juvenile growth periods of target species. Observed patterns would suggest the importance of enrichment processes relevant to the survival of early stages, so determining recruitment success and finally higher population sizes.     

液桥凝聚用于办公废纸脱墨的研究

研究了混合办公废纸脱墨的选择性凝聚技术,在废纸浆中添加分散在水中并不与水相溶的长链烷作凝聚剂,这些凝聚剂选择性地将印刷墨粉通过液桥连结在一起,且形成大颗粒的球形聚团,再分选脱除.研究表明只需要加入占纸重量4%的廉价长链烷,即可获得95%以上的脱墨率.因此在混合办公废纸脱墨时加入凝聚剂进行液桥凝聚,可降低脱墨浆中的尘埃度并增加产品的白度.     

气候变化对我国亚热带地区柑桔生态环境影响的研究

分析了柑桔的品质和产量与气候因子的关系，确定负积温（日最低气温＜０℃）∝≤－９０℃和极端最低气温≤－８℃为柑桔严重减产的低温指标；７～８月份平均降水量＜２０Ｏｍｍ是引起柑桔大量落果和影响果实膨大的水分条件。提出柑桔严重冻害周期在长江流域地区间差异大，预测到本世纪末，长江中、下游平原柑桔存在严重冻害；干旱和严重干旱在长江中、下游地区出现频率１２％～４５％以上。因此，避冻、抗冻、抗旱是本区柑桔生态环境中一个长期战略问题．     

电子产品环境应力筛选温度稳定性测试研究

以GJB 150,GJB 1032中温度稳定测试方法为基础,通过对比温度稳定时间在不同标准中的要求与不同的测试方法,把GJB 1032中的温度稳定的测试方法及分析方法应用于实际电子产品,采用非接触式测量和接触式测量获得了产品的温场分布及产品在环境应力筛选时的温度稳定时间。     

Fluxes of CH4 and N2O from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

CH4 and N2O fluxes from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China were measured for one year using closed static chamber technique and gas chromatography method. Three treatments were set in the studied field: (A) litter-free,(B) with litter, and (C) with litter and seedling. The results showed that the soil in our study was a sink of atmospheric CH4 and source of atmospheric N2O. The observed mean CH4 fluxes from treatments A, B, and C were -50.0±4.0, -35.9±2.8,-31.6±2.8 μgC/(m2·h),respectively,and calculated annual fluxes in2003 were -4.1,-3.1,and -2.9kgC/hm2,respectively.The observed mean N2O fluxes from treatments A,B,and C were 30.9±3.1,28.2±3.5,50.2±3.7μgN/(m2·h),respectively,and calculated annual fluxes in 2003 were 2.8, 2.6, and 3.7 kgN/hm2, respectively. Seasonal variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were significant among all the three treatments. The presence of litter decreased CH4 uptake during wet season (P ＜ 0.05), but not during dry season. There was a similar increase in seedlings-mediated N2O emissions during wet and dry seasons, indicating that seedlings increased N2O emission in both seasons. A strong positive relationship existed between CH4 fluxes and soil moisture for all the three treatments, and weak relationship between CH4 fluxes and soil temperature for treatment B and treatment C. The N2O fluxes correlated with soil temperature for all the three treatments.