老鹰岩滑坡基本特征及危害性分析

通过分析老鹰岩滑坡的地质环境特征和形态特征,揭示其形成机制和产生的危害,最后根据该区地质灾害特点,提出了灾后恢复重建的相关建议。     

Mechanistic insight into the biofilm formation and process performance of a passive aeration ditch (PAD) for decentralized wastewater treatment

• A Passive Aeration Ditch was developed to treat decentralized wastewater. • A model was developed to describe the process performance. • A high C/N ratio facilitates microbial growth but nitrification deteriorates. • A high salinity decreases both organic and nitrogen contaminants removal. Decentralized wastewater containing elevated salinity is an emerging threat to the local environment and sanitation in remote coastal communities. Regarding the cost and treatment efficiencies, we propose a passive aeration ditch (PAD) using non-woven polyester fabric as a feasible bubbleless aerator and biofilm carrier for wastewater treatment. Consideration has been first given to PAD’s efficacy in treating saline decentralized wastewater, and then to the impact of chemical oxygen demand-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio and salinity on biofilm formation. A multispecies model incorporating the salinity effect has been developed to depict the system performance and predict the microbial community. Results showed that the PAD system had great capacity for pollutants removal. The biofilm thickness increased at a higher C/N ratio because of the boost of aerobic heterotrophs and denitrifying bacteria, which consequently improved the COD and total nitrogen removal. However, this led to the deterioration of ammonia removal. Moreover, while a higher salinity benefited the biofilm growth, the contaminant removal efficiencies decreased because the salinity inhibited the activity of aerobic heterotrophs and reduced the abundance of nitrifying bacteria inside the biofilm. Based on the model simulation, feed water with salinity below 2% and C/N ratio in a range of 1 to 3 forms a biofilm that can reach relatively high organic matter and ammonia removal. These findings not only show the feasibility of PAD in treatment of saline decentralized wastewater, but also offer a systematic strategy to predict and optimize the process performance.     

Adsorbable organic halides (AOX), AOX formation potential, and PCDDs/DFs in landfill leachate and their removal in water treatment processes

Adsorbable organic halides (AOX) and AOX formation potential (AOXFP) were investigated in 46 landfill lea-chates as potentially toxic parameters. AOX in landfill leachate was within the range <10–2200 μg Cl/l, and AOXFP was within 51–15 000 μg Cl/l. AOX and AOXFP correlated with chemical oxygen demand (COD). AOX discharge from closed landfills was generally lower than that from operating landfills. The molar ratio of AOXFP/total organic carbon (TOC) suggested that organic compounds in a leachate have a double bond every 15–190 carbons under the supposition that one chlorine would add to one double bond. The five landfills discharging high-level AOXFP (>4000 μg Cl/l) were all landfills where sludge had been dumped. The removal efficiencies of three parameters through leachate treatment processes were as follows: polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins/dibenzo-furans (PCDDs/DFs) > TOC > AOX. PCDDs/DFs were substantially removed at p.p.t. levels, while AOX was hardly removed at relatively low levels. Received: February 14, 2000 / Accepted: January 9, 2001     

广东省主要土类的三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)

通过振荡浸出实验,测定了广东省几种主要土类的三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP),比较了土壤浸提液中溶解态(可过滤态)有机物与悬浮态(不可过滤态)有机物在形成三卤甲烷(THMs)中的作用,并对影响土壤THMFP的各种因素进行讨论结果表明:①各主要土类表层土中,未过滤浸提液的整体THMFP(b-THMFP)含量范围为:0.7～36.8μg/g土,中值为10.6μg/g土;过滤浸提液的THMFP(指可溶性有机物的THMFP,即d-THMFP)含量范围为:0.5～21.2μg/g土,中值为3.9μg/g土;其中,19号石灰土的b-THMFP和d-THMFP最高,20号紫色土的b-THMFP最低,5号赤红壤的d-THMFP最低.②总体上,悬浮态有机物对THMs生成量有较大的正贡献.③影响土壤THMFP的因素主要是有机质含量、各种氧化物含量、土壤发生层次、植被等.     

满洲里市地下水中污染物的变化特征及成因分析

通过1988～1999年连续12a监测,得出满洲里市地下水水质的变化特征。满洲里市的地下水除氟化物超标外,其水质状况较好。受水文地质条件及地表补给等因素的影响,水体中污染物含量在丰水期高于枯水期,且出现波状起伏的年际变化。同时,不同深度的含水层污染物的变化差异较大。总的来说,深层水的水质较浅层水的水质好。      

我国沙尘暴的气候成因及未来发展趋势

利用EOF和环流合成统计方法,分析了我国北方近40年来沙尘暴日数变化的时空异常特征及其气候成因.结果表明,20世纪80年代以来的太阳活动加强,全球气候变暖,青藏高原地面加热场强度加强,欧亚西风急流轴北移,西太平洋副热带高压偏北偏西,强度加强,蒙古气旋减弱,西北西部的沙尘源区降水增加,是中国北方沙尘暴减少的主要原因.20世纪末到21世纪初太阳活动进入新一轮的减弱期,引起气候变暖趋势减弱,气温逐渐降低,青藏高原地面加热场强度减弱,蒙古气旋逐渐加强.预计未来中国北方沙尘暴将在波动中逐渐增加,进入新一轮的相对活跃期.     

沙尘暴事件中大气颗粒物化学组分的浓度变化和硫酸盐的形成

应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱、质谱和离子色谱分析了2002年3月28日-4月8日在山东长岛县采集的共11对粗、细大气颗粒物样品的化学组成,探讨4月6-8日沙尘暴事件中大气颗粒物化学组分的变化和硫酸盐的形成.沙尘暴事件应区分前锋和后续部分,前锋与大气中各种污染物相互作用,具有硫富集的特征.后续部分较好地保持了长距离传输风沙尘本身的特征.硫酸盐的形成机理可能是多相氧化而不是简单的酸碱中和.硫酸铵是首先生成的含硫物种,这是细颗粒主导的形成过程.硫酸铵逐渐转化为其他硫酸盐,硫的成分也逐渐向粗颗粒转移.在沙尘暴事件中含硫污染物不但有一个从气相向颗粒物转变的过程,也有一个从细颗粒向粗颗粒转化的过程.      

鼎湖山秋季大气细粒子及其二次无机组分的污染特征及来源

利用大气颗粒物质量浓度分析仪（TEOM）及大气细粒子快速捕集及其化学成分自动在线分析系统（RCFP-IC）于2008年10～11月在中国科学院华南植物园鼎湖山定位站进行了大气细粒子（PM2.5）及其二次无机组分（SO42-、NH 4＋和NO 3-）与相关污染气体组分的同步观测与分析,同时结合主成分分析和HYSPLIT轨...     

鄂尔多斯市夏秋季气溶胶新粒子生成过程影响因素分析

利用宽范围粒径谱仪于2019年8月16至10月4日在鄂尔多斯市观测了10 nm~10 μm气溶胶粒径分布,结合PM（PM_2.5和PM₁₀）、污染气体、气象数据和HYSPLIT模式,分析了新粒子生成（NPF）特征及其主要影响因素.结果表明,观测期间一共出现19次NPF过程,占总观测期间的37.5%.NPF过程中对不同模态气溶胶数浓度日变化的影响不同.NPF使得核模态和爱根核模态气溶胶数浓度急剧增加,但是对积聚模态和粗模态气溶胶数浓度的影响较小.NPF发生时往往温度较高,风速较大,总辐照度较高,RH较低.NPF天PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO和NO₂的浓度较低,O₃和SO₂浓度较高.40.0%的偏北气团和29.6%的偏南气团可观测到NPF过程.不同气团类型NPF过程中气象要素存在显著差异.南部气团类型NPF过程中风速最小,平均为（2.4±1.5）m·s^-1;RH最高,平均为（48.8±10.8）%;北部气团类型NPF过程中风速最大,平均为（4.2±1.9）m·s^-1;总辐照度最高,平均为（664.5±255.6）W·m^-2;西部气团类型NPF过程中RH最低,平均为（29.8±12.7）%.不同气团类型NPF过程中新粒子的生成速率相差不大,为1.5~1.8cm^-3·s^-1.南部气团类型NPF过程中增长速率最大,为（12.7±13.6）nm·h^-1,是北部气团类型和西部气团类型的1.2倍和1.4倍.     

深圳市商业厨房排放非甲烷碳氢化合物污染特征研究

随着我国餐饮业的快速发展,餐饮源逐渐成为城市大气非甲烷碳氢（NMHCs）的主要来源之一.因此,深入研究餐饮源NMHCs的排放特征是餐饮业科学减排的重要基础.本研究采集了深圳市6类典型餐馆（西式快餐、茶餐厅、职工食堂、湘菜馆、浙菜馆和家常菜馆）排放的NMHCs,并分析了其相应的排放特征、排放因子（EF）、臭氧生成潜势（OFP）和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势（SOAp）.结果显示,6类餐馆排放NMHCs中,茶餐厅、家常菜馆和浙菜馆排放的烷烃浓度最高,而西式快餐和职工食堂排放的烯烃浓度最高,湘菜馆油烟中烷烃和烯烃浓度相近.采用灶台数及用油量作为EF的核算基准,结果显示西式快餐和职工食堂的EF较高.餐饮排放的NMCHs中乙烯、丙烯、1,3-丁二烯、间/对二甲苯、甲苯及癸烷的OFP最高,而环己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷和正癸烷则具有较高的SOA生成潜势.此外,甲苯和苯不仅具有高的O₃生成潜势,还对SOA的生成有明显贡献,是油烟中值得重点关注的污染物.