四川德阳地区龙风水库西岸滑坡稳定性分析及防治

本文在对四川德阳地区龙凤水库西岸滑坡的地质地貌条件及变形迹象进行深入调查的基础上,对该滑坡的主要成因及稳定性进行了分析与评价,并有针对性地提出了工程防治方案。研究表明,疏松透水的土层、较强的降雨以及人类耕作活动是导致滑坡发生的主要因素。在天然状态下该滑坡稳定或基本稳定;在天然+地震状态下,该滑坡欠稳定或不稳定;在连续高强度降雨状态下,该滑坡不稳定。故采取截、排水及抗滑桩等工程措施是防治该滑坡的有效方案。     

小型燃煤工业锅炉NO_x形成与释放规律模拟研究

NOx是我国十二五期间重点控制的污染物,燃煤工业锅炉是其重要来源。为了研究燃煤工业锅炉NOx的形成与释放规律,在实验室模拟了不同煤种的燃烧过程。采用原煤/焦炭燃烧法分别研究挥发分氮和焦炭氮生成NOx的反应,探讨燃料型NOx的形成与释放规律,并解释试验模拟条件下燃煤NOx产污系数和现场实测值的差异。结果表明,试验中烟煤、无烟煤、煤焦的NO转化率平均值分别为25.77%,22.17%和11.98%,产污系数平均值分别为4.31,5.08和2.00kg/t,高于现场实测结果核算值。燃煤工业锅炉NOx以燃料型为主,燃料型NOx的形成和释放是一个复杂的多相反应过程,由挥发分氮的氧化还原反应和焦炭氮的氧化还原反应组成,煤种、温度、空气流量、粒径、氧含量等因素对4种反应各自影响及影响程度并不相同。     

Carbonyl emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust in China and the contribution to ozone formation potential

Fifteen heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested on chassis dynamometer by using typical heavy duty driving cycle and fuel economy cycle. The air from the exhaust was sampled by 2,4- dinitrophenyhydrazine cartridge and 23 carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The average emission factor of carbonyls was 97.2 mg/km, higher than that of light-duty diesel vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and propionaidehyde were the species with the highest emission factors. Main influencing factors for carbonyl emissions were vehicle type, average speed and regulated emission standard, and the impact of vehicle loading was not evident in this study. National emission of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was calculated for China, 2011, based on both vehicle miles traveled and fuel consumption. Carbonyl emission of diesel vehicle was estimated to be 45.8 Gg, and was comparable to gasolinepowered vehicles （58.4 Gg）. The emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 12.6, 6.9, 3.8 Gg, respectively. The ozone formation potential of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was 537 mg O3/km, higher than 497 mg O3/km of none-methane hydrocarbons emitted from diesel vehicles.     

化学合成类制药行业工艺废气VOCs排放特征与危害评估分析

以浙江台州6家典型化学合成类制药企业为代表,对其排放工艺废气中的18项挥发性有机物(VOCs)特征污染物(如甲苯、甲醛、二氯甲烷等)进行监测和分析,并采用臭氧产生潜力(OFP)和健康风险评价指标对VOCs所产生的环境与健康危害进行初步的评价.结果表明,化学合成类制药企业排放的总VOCs浓度为14.9~308.6 mg·m-3,其产生环境危害的OFP值为3.1~315.1 mg·m-3,主要贡献物质为甲苯、四氢呋喃、乙酸乙酯等6种物质,存在较大的潜在环境危害.另外,健康危害中的非致癌风险指数和总致癌风险指数介于9.48×10-7~4.98×10-4a-1和3.17×10-5~6.33×10-3之间,主要是苯、甲醛和二氯甲烷这3种致癌物.     

溴酸盐对普通小球藻的生长以及生理特性的影响

在静态暴露的条件下,利用流式细胞术等检测技术,考察了不同浓度的溴酸盐对普通小球藻的生长以及生理特性的影响,并对溴酸盐的毒性作用机制进行了初步的探索.结果表明,当溴酸盐浓度达到8 mmol·L~(-1),持续暴露96 h时,能够引起普通小球藻比生长率显著降低、细胞膜完整性显著降低、酯酶活性显著升高、线粒体膜电位显著升高、活性氧水平显著增加.扫描电镜可直观表明细胞膜受到损伤.由此说明,由于溴酸盐毒性的持续作用,使得活性氧在藻细胞内积累,普通小球藻自身的调节功能不能及时消除过多的活性氧,从而引起细胞膜完整性、酯酶活性和线粒体膜电位出现异常情况,藻细胞生理功能出现紊乱,藻细胞结构遭到破坏,最终导致普通小球藻生长受到抑制或死亡.     

赤泥碱性调控研究进展

赤泥是氧化铝工业生产过程产生的强碱性固体废弃物,资源化利用难、环境风险高,严重制约了氧化铝行业的可持续发展.赤泥土壤化是实现规模化处置赤泥的一种可行方法,而碱性调控则是赤泥土壤化的关键环节.论文在综述氧化铝生产过程碱性物质形成过程的基础上,从可溶性碱和化学结合碱角度分析了赤泥碱性物质的赋存状态,阐述了国内外化学调碱法和生物调碱法的研究进展和碱性转化机制,剖析了赤泥碱性调控方面存在的问题,提出了赤泥碱性调控研究的发展方向.这将为赤泥规模化处置和堆场生态重建、保障氧化铝工业的健康发展提供科学参考.     

不同光照时间对杏鲍菇生长发育的影响

为探究光照时间对杏鲍菇生长发育的影响,设置蓝、白两种光质,每种光质下设置5种不同光照时间处理进行栽培试验,并测定每个处理下杏鲍菇原基形成与分化速度、菇蕾与子实体形态、产量及可溶性蛋白质与总糖含量.结果显示,原基形成速度随光照时间增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,蓝光下以15 min光照15 min黑暗时间处理下原基形成速度最...     

Reproductive success increases with degree of kinship in cooperative coalitions of female red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus)

Evaluation of evolutionary mechanisms proposed to promote cooperative behavior depends on the relative influence of the behavior on the reproductive success of individuals, the reproductive success of the group in which they interact behaviorally, and the degree of gene correlation among cooperators. The genetic relationship within cooperative coalitions of female red howler monkeys was examined for three populations with different densities and growth rates. Patterns of gene correlation change within coalitions is documented using data from the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, and long-term census monitoring. Differences in fecundity and infant survivorship within and between groups of unrelated (rˉ=0) and related (rˉ≥ 0.25) females are compared. Females that emigrate from their natal groups form coalitions with other migrant females. These coalitions attempt to establish a territory and, once successful in producing offspring, exclude other females from feeding resources. Females in these coalitions had different mtDNA haplotypes and a genetically estimated mean r of 0, supporting demographic data on emigration patterns indicating that these females rarely have the opportunity to form coalitions with kin. Patterns of recruitment and rate of matriline development within social groups supported behavioral data indicating that females actively attempt to promote their own matriline as breeders over that of other females, and that some matrilines are more successful at this than others. Mean r among females was significantly higher in coalitions established as social groups for several generations (rˉ=0.44). In these groups, females all shared the same mtDNA haplotype, and mtDNA haplotype divergence was significantly higher between than within groups. Females in coalitions with kin had significantly higher reproductive success than females in unrelated coalitions in all populations. This difference was not a function of coalition size, number of males, socionomic sex ratio, or primiparity, although anecdotal evidence suggests that allomothering may compensate for inept new mothers in related coalitions more often than in unrelated ones. Differences in territory quality could not be ruled out as a potential causal factor in the saturated populations, but were unlikely in the low-density, growing population. There were substantial differences among long-established coalitions in overall reproductive output in all three populations, and this was significantly correlated with the number of breeding females. Increase in coalition size was a function of both group age and the behavioral tolerance among females. Regardless of the underlying reasons for the patterns observed, reproductive success clearly increases with degree of gene correlation among females within cooperative coalitions, and coalitions that recruit more daughters produce more offspring. The nature of the cooperative relationship among group females directly influences both of these outcomes. This is associated with substantial genetic differentiation among social groups within populations, creating conditions in which genetic tendencies towards cooperative behavior can become tightly associated with group reproductive success. Received: 15 September 1999 / Revised: 27 April 2000 / Accepted: 27 May 2000     

长江沿江区域空间结构系统调控研究

长江沿江区域“点－轴－集聚区”空间结构等级系统主要由三级点型式、三级轴型式和三个集聚区组成,形成机制在于其开发条件,中心一边缘疚以及区位和政策因素等,相应的调控措施主要包括：（１）正确处理沿江轴线和三级轴线（省域主要轴线）之间的关系,扩大参与沿江开发开放的地域范围,构筑与沿江轴线相交的新一三级轴线,重点发展一、二级轴线的节点港口城市;（２）加快沿江综合交通运输网建设,特别是沿江铁路建设;（３）优化     

含溴水源水臭氧处理时溴酸盐的产生与控制

针对南方某含溴水库水(溴离子浓度15～38μg·L-1),利用连续运行实验装置研究了臭氧氧化时溴酸盐的产生条件,同时初步考察了后续生物活性炭(BAC)对溴酸盐的去除效果.研究结果表明,单独采用预臭氧方式时,在臭氧消耗量控制为2.0mg·L-1以内的条件下,溴酸离子浓度低于6 μg·L-1;而采用预臭氧与后臭氧联合处理时,在总臭氧消耗量为2.0mg·L-1的条件下,出现了溴酸离子超标(10μg·L-1)情况.长期运行结果表明,尽管新炭对溴酸离子没有去除效果,但系统连续运行3个月后,BAC上的微生物对溴酸盐具有一定的去除能力.