地下停车场VOCs污染特征与健康风险评价

机动车尾气和蒸发排放的VOCs在地下停车场的半密闭环境中不断积累,威胁居民健康.为探究停车场内挥发性有机物（VOCs）浓度水平和变化特征与车队活动水平之间的关系,阐明其对居民健康的影响,选取天津市某居民小区地下停车场,开展了为期9d的VOCs样品采集,利用臭氧生成潜势（OFPs）,·OH反应速率（L_·OH）和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势（SOAPs）综合评价停车场内VOCs大气反应活性,对人体健康风险进行评价.结果表明：①停车场内VOCs浓度和组分变化主要受车队活动影响,工作日和周末的浓度峰值均与进场和出场车流峰值同步出现,即早晚高峰时段,工作日和周末早高峰浓度分别为（463.76±148.42）μg·m^-3和（391.47±135.37）μg·m^-3,晚高峰为（334.29±176.57）μg·m^-3和（416.20±134.64）μg·m^-3.停车场夜间几乎没有车辆活动,但夜间ρ（VOCs）［工作日（320.33±115.57）μg·m^-3;周末（364.77±155.32）μg·m^-3］仍高于午间［工作日（255.76±103.65）μg·m^-3;周末（350.91±108.73）μg·m^-3］,且夜间时段烯炔烃质量分数明显高于其他时段,这是由于夜间车辆静置时发生昼间排放产生较多的烯烃.②烯炔烃和芳香烃对OFPs和L_·OH贡献率最大（84.10%~88.04%）,芳香烃对各时间段的SOAPs贡献率最大（98.03%~98.99%）,说明芳香烃和烯炔烃的大气反应活性强且广泛存在于机动车源,是提高排放标准、升级油品时需首要考虑降低的关键组分.③健康风险评价结果表明,停车场内VOCs非致癌风险危险指数（HI）：0.19~0.55,暂无健康风险.而各时间段致癌风险均超过阈值（1×10^-6）1.56~3.11倍,停车场作为居民每天必经场所,应开启机械通风措施保证其中空气流通性.     

河南省典型炭素企业VOCs排放特征及臭氧生成潜势分析

挥发性有机物（VOCs）是主要的臭氧前体物之一,控制VOCs排放是打赢“蓝天保卫战”的重要组成部分.研究工业源VOCs排放特征和对O₃生成贡献对制定和修订相关VOCs排放标准、有针对性控制VOCs排放具有重要意义.炭素行业是非金属制品业的重要组成部分,属于高污染行业,对该行业有组织VOCs排放的研究鲜见文献报道.本文选取河南省某典型炭素企业Y炭素厂作为研究对象,通过实地采样分析了不同工序有组织和车间内、外无组织117种VOCs排放特征,计算臭氧生成潜势（OFP）并评估了不同VOCs类别和物种对O₃生成的贡献.研究表明,Y炭素厂排放因子为0.031 g·kg^-1,其中焙烧工序有组织VOCs排放量最大.总有组织排放占比较大的VOCs类别有烯烃（23.56%）、烷烃（21.24%）、芳香烃（18.17%）、卤代烃（15.34%）和含氧化合物（8.95%）等,占比较大的VOCs物种有乙烯（18.2%）、乙烷（11.5%）、苯（8.66%）和 乙炔（7.15%）等.车间内无组织排放占比较大的VOCs物种则为萘和四氯化碳等.总有组织排放的VOCs中,烯烃、芳香烃和含氧化合物的OFP占比较大,分别为71.72%、11.35%、10.05%,其中乙烯、丙烯的OFP占比分别为52.91%和13.98%,是需要重点治理的O₃生成前体物.     

Investigations into the PCDD contamination of topsoil,river sediments and kaolinite clay in Queensland,Australia

Recent findings of elevated PCDDs from an unknown source in the coastal marine environment of Queensland, Australia has instigated further investigations into the distribution of, and environments associated with the PCDD contamination. This study presents data for OCDD concentrations in the coastal, mountainous and inland environment of Queensland. Additionally, full 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) profiles from different land-use types and environments in the coastal region were analysed. Distinct east–west gradients were detected in topsoil collected from various bushland regions with elevated OCDD concentrations confined to the coastal region. However, PCDD/F results from topsoil and river sediments collected in the Queensland coastal region suggest that elevated OCDD concentrations cannot be attributed to any of the environments, land-use or industry types investigated. PCDD/F congener profiles from select samples were remarkably similar to those previously described in marine sediments collected along the entire Queensland coastline. In addition, kaolinite clay samples from Queensland exhibited elevated OCDD concentrations, and PCDD/F profiles in these samples were similar to those detected in kaolinite clays elsewhere. Natural formation processes have been hypothesised as the source of elevated PCDDs in Queensland and other locations, where similar PCDD/F profiles and the general lack of anthropogenic sources are evident. This study presents additional data supporting this hypothesis and provides further information that may assist in the identification of the processes involved in the natural formation of PCDDs.     

Effects of copper chloride on formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in model waste incineration

Combustion experiments in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor were conducted to elucidate the effects of copper chloride as a catalyst on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) formation in municipal waste incineration. We used model wastes with and without copper chloride (CuCl₂ · 2H₂O), both of which contained polyvinyl chloride as a chlorine source. Combustion temperature was set to 900 °C, and the amount of air supplied was twice the stoichiometric ratio. The experimental setup was carefully planned to suppress the influences of experimental conditions except the waste composition. Results of these experiments showed that copper chloride in the waste increased the amount of PCDDs formed and made the homologue profile to shift towards the highly chlorinated species. Copper chloride contributes to the PCDDs formation by promoting chlorination, whereby the reaction is important in that organic matter is chlorinated directly by copper compounds. Copper chloride did not exert a great influence on the isomer distribution patterns of PCDDs, while there appeared a significant difference in the case of PCDFs. This points out the difference of the major formation mechanisms between PCDDs and PCDFs. PCDDs are less formed by the catalytic reactions from carbon/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons than PCDFs in our experimental conditions.     

实现保定市大气污染防治目标的对策及建议

摘 要:目前,京津冀及周边地区已成为国内大气污染最严重的区域,引起了社会广泛关注。文章在对保定市大气污染现状详细梳理的基础上,分析了保定市在生产、生活过程中造成大气污染的原因,探讨和提出了解决保定市大气污染的对策及实施建议。     

4种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂不同剂型对斑马鱼急性毒性效应

采用半静态法测定了4种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂原药及制剂对斑马鱼(Brachydonio rerio)急性毒性。结果表明,以实测浓度计,250 g·L~(-1)嘧菌酯悬浮剂对斑马鱼的96 h半数致死浓度(LC50)值为0.539 mg·L~(-1),急性毒性为高毒,95%嘧菌酯原药和50%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂对斑马鱼的LC50(96 h)值分别为1.09和1.21 mg·L~(-1),急性毒性均为中毒;98%啶氧菌酯原药和22.5%的啶氧菌酯悬浮剂对斑马鱼的LC50(96 h)值分别为0.0974和0.0972 mg·L~(-1),急性毒性均为剧毒;95%吡唑醚菌酯原药、15%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂和250 g·L~(-1)吡唑醚菌酯乳油对斑马鱼的LC50(96 h)值为0.0613、0.0549和0.0487 mg·L~(-1),急性毒性均为剧毒;95%醚菌酯原药和50%醚菌酯水分散粒剂对斑马鱼的LC50(96 h)值分别为0.468和0.702 mg·L~(-1),急性毒性均为高毒。这4种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂对斑马鱼均有较高风险,会对其他水生生物也存在潜在的风险。     

石油炼化无组织VOCs的排放特征及臭氧生成潜力分析

选取我国光化学活跃的珠江三角洲地区(PRD)典型石油炼化工艺的炼油装置、化工装置和污水处理装置,采用离线和在线的多种先进仪器监测其VOCs的无组织排放特征,并采用间、对-二甲苯/苯(X/B)、甲苯/苯(T/B)、乙苯/苯(E/B)比值分析其VOCs的老化特征,采用最大增量反应活性法(MIR)、等效丙烯浓度法和OH自由基反应速率法(L_OH)3种方法综合评价其VOCs的化学反应活性及臭氧生成潜势(OFP).研究发现,炼油装置区和化工装置区总挥发性有机物(TVOC)浓度早晚高,中午低;污水处理区呈双峰趋势.3个装置区无组织排放的VOCs中烷烃浓度均占比最高,同一装置区内的不同装置VOCs排放特征不同.石化企业X/B、T/B和E/B值较城区和郊区的高,化工装置区的压缩碱洗装置区(CAW)T/B值最大.石化企业VOCs的活性较城区和郊区的强,其平均OH消耗速率常数为15.22×10^-12cm³/(mol·s),最大增量反应活性为4.21mol(O₃)/mol(VOC).化工装置区对石化企业OFP总量的贡献最高,为84.83%;其次是污水处理区,12.95%;炼油装置区最低,为2.22%.化工装置区的CAW对石化企业OFP贡献率最高,为34.26%;污水处理区的浮选池(FT)贡献率最低,为0.36%.     

液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法测定污水和污泥中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的参数优化

在液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法测定壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的过程中,对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚加合离子的形成影响因素进行分析,优化了关键参数,建立了测定污水和污泥中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的高分辨高灵敏的液相色谱-电喷雾质谱方法.流动相A为0.1mmol·l~(-1)乙酸钠缓冲液,流动相B为甲醇,各聚合度壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的加合离子响应值达到最大;锥孔电压没为60V能最大程度上避免[NPnEO+2Na]~(2+)对测定的干扰.NP1EO,NP2EO和NPnEOs(n=3-15)的仪器检出限分别为10pg,1pg和0.1pg.该方法成功用于污水和污泥中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的测定.     

Simulating forest succession after blowdown events: The crucial role of space for a realistic management

Ecological patterns vary in space and time. Therefore, when using dynamic models in ecology, the spatial aspect should not be neglected prematurely since it could possibly change the model outcomes to a considerable extent. In view of this problem, we describe here a method how to construct a non-spatial version from a spatially explicit simulation model. The principle idea is to suppress the spatial correlations of cells in a grid in time by continuously re-assigning a random neighbourhood for each cell on the grid. Since this procedure actually eliminates the spatial dimensions, it allows to quantify the unadulterated impact of spatial processes on the model results. To illustrate an important application of this approach in the context of forest management we use a grid-based model that simulates succession of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) at mountainous sites after blowdown events. The output of this model is compared with the results of the deduced non-spatial version of this model regarding the predicted amount of re-growing trees. The non-spatial version dramatically overestimates the number of spruce trees on different microsites. Thus, the uncritical use of the non-spatial model might give reason to wrong management decisions that are based on too optimistic predictions. In practice, this may lead to dangerous situations, especially in mountain forests serving as protection against avalanches and landslides. This example demonstrates the successful applicability of our approach. Our method can be interpreted as a contribution to an extended sensitivity analysis: it analyses the sensitivity of the results due to structural changes of the model. This sensitivity allows one to estimate the redundancy or the necessity of spatially explicit processes in a model with regard to the parsimony principle of modelling. Since our approach is not dependent on special features of the simulation model used here, it is assumed to be applicable for other spatial models, too, and can thus be considered of general interest for a diligent model analysis.     

长江沿线城市水源氯(胺)化消毒副产物生成潜能研究

以长江上游重庆、中游武汉、下游上海等大城市的长江饮用水源为研究对象,在对溶解性有机物分子量和亲疏水性分离的基础上,分别采用氯和氯胺两种方式消毒,对比分析了相同时期沿江这些城市原水中氯(胺)化常规和新兴含氮消毒副产物生成潜能的分子组成规律.研究表明,重庆、武汉、上海三地的溶解性有机物均以小分子前体物为主,主要分布在<1kDa的区间内,且以强疏水性成分和亲水性成分为主,原水经氯(胺)化可产生三卤甲烷、卤乙酸、卤乙腈、三氯硝基甲烷等类型的消毒副产物;三地的氯(胺)化主要的含碳消毒副产物(C-DBPs)和含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)生成潜能均在<1kDa的区间内最大,从上游到下游,在<1kDa的区间内的生成潜能占各自总潜能比例逐渐增加.三地的氯(胺)化的C-DBPs和N-DBPs生成潜能均以强疏水性组分或亲水性组分为主,且氯胺化可导致亲水性组分C-DBPs和N-DBPs生成潜能所占总量比例增加.