Ca_5(AsO_4)_3OH的溶解度与稳定性研究

通过在不同pH值,温度等条件下Ca5(AsO4)3OH的溶解,确定其稳定存在的pH值范围,得出它的溶度积和生成的自由能(ΔG0f)。结果表明,Ca5(AsO4)3OH在水中的溶解度和稳定范围与pH和温度有关,在酸性条件下(初始pH=2)它的溶解度较大,而且在水中的溶解度随着温度的升高而降低。利用PHREEQC程序计算确定Ca5(AsO4)3OH的溶度积为10-40.86,生成自由能ΔG0f为-5 063.53 kJ/mol。利用JADE5软件计算得到其晶格参数a=b=9.696,c=6.967和晶胞体积为567.304 3。     

树状多节孢原生质体的制备和再生

研究了酶系组成、酶解时间、酶解温度、渗透压稳定剂、PH值,培养基成分、培养方式,预处理、保护剂等因素对紫杉醇产生菌树状多孔孢原生质体制备和再生的影响。结果表明：将树状多节孢在PDA液体培养其中静止培养2－3d,离心收集菌体,用PH5．5－6．0的0．7mol/L的NaCl配制成的含有3％纤维素酶、2％蜗牛酶和1％溶菌酶的复合酶,30℃恒温酶解9h,原生质体制备率最高。但是考虑到原生质体的再生,参酶解7h左右为宜,获得的原生质体经过纯化,用0.7mol/LNaCl配制的PDA再生培养基进行双层平板培养法再生,原生质体的再生率最高。本研究为以后通过原生质体诱变、转化、融合构建紫杉醇工程菌株奠定了基础,图3表9参16     

苏州市霾日细颗粒物的化学组分及来源分析

随着社会和经济的快速发展,灰霾现象发生有逐渐上升趋势,严重影响城市形象和群众的身心健康。2012年苏州市的霾日发生频率1—2月最高(45.0%),7—8月最低(4.8%)。通过分析霾日细颗粒物(PM2.5)的化学组分变化,有助于判别不同化学组分在不同季节霾日形成中的作用。采用基于因子分析的主成分提取方法,将9个化学组分监测资料整合为4个主成分,并逐一揭示2012年苏州市霾日条件下4个主成分的支配因子的污染物来源情况。结果表明:2012年苏州市霾日大气PM2.5中的主要化学成分按质量浓度从高到低排序依次为SO42-NO3-NH4+OCNa+EC。霾日PM2.5中的污染物组分受到光化学二次反应、燃煤、机动车尾气、农作物秸秆焚烧以及海盐等来源的综合影响。     

Oral administration of potassium bromate, a major water disinfection by-product, induces oxidative stress and impairs the antioxidant power of rat blood

Potassium bromate (KBrO₃) is a widely used food additive, a water disinfection by-product and a known nephrotoxic agent. The effect of KBrO₃ on rat blood, especially on the anti-oxidant defense system, was studied in this work. Animals were given a single oral dose of KBrO₃ (100 mg/kg body weight) and sacrificed 12, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h after this treatment. Blood was collected from the animals and separated into plasma and erythrocytes. KBrO₃ administration resulted in increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, hydrogen peroxide levels and decreased the reduced glutathione content indicating the induction of oxidative stress in blood. Methemoglobin levels and methemoglobin reductase activity were significantly increased while the total anti-oxidant power was greatly reduced upon KBrO₃ treatment. Nitric oxide levels were enhanced while vitamin C concentration decreased in KBrO₃ treated animals. The activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes were also altered upon KBrO₃ treatment. The maximum changes in all these parameters were 48 h after the administration of KBrO₃ and then recovery took place. These results show for the first time that KBrO₃ induces oxidative stress in blood and impairs the anti-oxidant defense system. Thus impairment in the anti-oxidant power and alterations in the activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes may play an important role in mediating the toxic effects of KBrO₃ in the rat blood. The study of such biochemical events in blood will help elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of KBrO₃ and also for devising methods to overcome its toxic effects.     

Environmental release of dioxins from reservoir sources during beach nourishment programs

In late 1990s, USEPA/FDA made an important connection regarding the presence of elevated levels of dioxins (e.g., 1500 ng kg⁻¹ TEQ) in ball clays mined in Mississippi (USA) from a geological deposit dated to ∼40 million years (Mississippi Embayment) that stretches over several states (northern part of Mississippi to Kentucky) and levels of dioxins in selected animal food sources. Following a recent beach nourishment program along the mid-Atlantic coast of the US, a number of dark gray, blue tinted nuggets of varying sizes were found on beach strands and near the shoreline. Using the presence of these balls of clay (shape, color, and knowledge regarding their use in pottery) on the beach, together with our direct experience analyzing ball clays for dioxins, we made a possible association between these clays and elevated dioxins. Concerns regarding the potential of nourishment programs to cause severe damage to our beaches drove us to test the dioxin content of nourishment exposed clays. A number of the nuggets, along with freshly dredged and deposited sand (collected the morning after nourishment) with the same coloration, and others (sun-bleached), collected approximately 2 weeks after the completion of the nourishment efforts, were analyzed for the presence of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and selected semi-volatile chlorinated organics. The clay PCDD/F WHO2005-TEQs (dry weight; ND = DL; EMPC = EMPC) ranged from 0.41 to 5.78 ng kg⁻¹ with an average of 2.64 ng kg⁻¹, whereas the sand sample’s TEQs ranged from 0.18 to 0.31 ng kg⁻¹ PCDD/F WHO-2005, with an average of 0.22 ng kg⁻¹. The average total tetra- through octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin concentration was 2700 ng kg⁻¹ (with a maximum of 5800 ng kg⁻¹) for the clays and 8.5 ng kg⁻¹ (with a maximum of 16.8 ng kg⁻¹) for the sand samples. The congener 2,3,7,8-TCDD (TEF = 1) was detected in half of the clay samples (0.11-0.77 ng kg⁻¹). All of the clay and sand samples displayed an unambiguous and dominating 1,4,6,9-chlorination pattern across homolog groups. No other chlorinated aromatics were detected above background levels. The observations, along with the absence or an extremely low level of polychlorinated dibenzofurans, together with the mineralogical analysis, supports the conclusion that off-shore dredging activities are reaching reservoir sources containing dioxin-tainted, smectic/kaolinite clay minerals. Subsequent beach erosion provides additional environmental releases over time, as buried balls of clay from previous nourishment efforts become exposed.     

超临界锅炉中T23管内氧化皮的生成及剥落机理研究

通过对超临界锅炉中T23管内氧化皮检查和剥落物取样,利用能量色散谱仪和X射线衍射仪对其进行试验研究。分析了T23管内氧化皮的成分和结构特征,阐述了氧化皮生成和剥落机理及其影响因素,并提出了防治氧化皮大面积脱落的措施,为减轻超临界锅炉高温受热面管内氧化皮的生成,避免超温爆管等提供了一定的基础。     

巢湖流域灾害链成因机制与减灾对策

在对巢湖流域灾害进行深入研究的基础上,提出以"流域"为边界条件,自然和人文因素叠加下的灾害链作用机制和成因机理,着重从人-地关系地域系统的调控上来制定区域减灾对策,为流域可持续发展提供科学的理论依据与实践指导。从流域内灾害产生的地质—地貌、气象—水文、过渡区环境以及灾害产生的文化与经济四方面原因,分析灾害链产生的三条途径。针对性地提出了该流域减灾防灾必须以关键点为中心,采取生物措施与工程措施相结合、上下协同控制的六条减灾对策措施。     

汶川县映秀镇红椿沟特大型泥石流形成机制及堵江机理研究

2010年8月14日,汶川县映秀镇红椿沟因连日强降雨,发生灾害性特大泥石流,完全中断都汶公路的交通,并冲入岷江形成堰塞体,致使河水改道,冲进映秀新区使数十幢房屋成为孤岛,严重危胁到灾后重建的胜利成果。研究红椿沟泥石流的基本特征、变形破坏机制、类型规模及防治对策,对防治高地震烈度泥石流灾害、确保灾后重建成果具有重要意义。以红椿沟特大型泥石流为例,在研究地质灾害形成的地质背景及条件、基本特征的基础上,分析了泥石流的形成机理及断路堵江的具体原因,预测了泥石流发展的趋势,对重要物源点进行了稳定性分析,提出了红椿沟泥石流的形成及堵江除丰富的震后松散物源、强降雨外,还与其独特的地形地貌密切相关。研究表明,红椿沟特大泥石流是从其上游甘溪铺支沟开始启动、汇集溃决,随后带动主沟物源冲入岷江,与岷江上游烧房沟泥石流冲入江中物质在江中汇集,形成堵江。红椿沟内物源丰富,必须加强防治,防止泥石流的再次危害。     

O3／GAC-常规处理珠江水系不同原水

以东江、西江和北江3种原水为研究对象,采用臭氧预处理-常规处理-臭氧活性炭系列处理,研究原水中有机物的去除及臭氧化副产物的产生和转化。结果表明,东江、西江和北江水中CODMn、UV254、甲醛和溴酸盐沿各处理单元过程变化规律基本一致;CODMn总去除率分别为60％、51％和39％,uV。总去除率分别为74％、96％和97％,最终出水甲醛浓度分别为0．004mg／L、0mg／L和0mg／L,B-O3-分别为3．1μg／L、8．7μg/L和35．5μg／L;CODMn的去除主要在预臭氧和活性炭过滤2个处理单元,预臭氧对UV254总去除率贡献最大,甲醛和溴酸盐浓度在主臭氧处理单元达到其峰值（西江甲醛除外）;氨氮和有机物浓度较低、pH值较高的北江原水,出水溴酸盐浓度最高。     

不同挂膜方式生物滴滤塔处理含H2S恶臭气体简

采用菌剂挂膜,活性污泥挂膜和自然挂膜3种不同方式形成生物滴滤塔,考察挂膜方式对生物滴滤塔去除H₂S恶臭气体的影响。结果表明,当进气H₂S浓度为5 mg/m³时,菌剂挂膜、活性污泥挂膜、自然挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔出气H₂S浓度分别为15.7~17.4、11.6~14.8和15.0~15.9 μg/m³;塔内压降分别为3~4 mm水柱、6 mm水柱和4~5 mm水柱;喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根的浓度分别为14、22和17 mg/L,硫的转化率分别为45%、60%和50%。当进气H₂S浓度增大至7 mg/m³时,3个塔经过7 d的调整后,均能达到稳定状态,稳定后3个塔中出气H₂S浓度和压降基本没变,喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根浓度依次增大至25、31和30 mg/L左右。采用活性污泥挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔处理H₂S的能力比菌剂挂膜和自然挂膜的高。