INCREASES IN SODIUM AND CHLORIDE IN THE MOHAWK RIVER,NEW YORK,FROM THE 1950'S TO THE 1970'S ATTRIBUTED TO ROAD SALT1

Regression analyses of major ion concentration in relation to specific conductance of water from the Mohawk River during two separate periods, 1951–53 and 1970–74, indicate statistically insignificant changes in the linear relationship of all constituents studied except chloride. Mean values and changes in the slopes of these relationships indicate that sodium and chloride have had consistently higher yields, in kilograms per square kilometer per year, than the other ions, although all ions show a general 20 percent increase in yields during the two decades. This general increase in ion yields is attributed to an accelerated transport rate of ions out of the basin as a result of a 19 percent increase in mean stream discharge. Transport rates of sodium and chloride have increased by 72 and 145 percent, respectively, in the Mohawk River since the early 1950's. Analysis of the sodium and chloride sources indicates rock salt used as a road deicei to be the primary source. This salt use accounts for 96 percent of the sodium transport increase and 69 percent of the chloride transport increase within the basin during the last two decades.     

LIGNIN SEPARATION BY CONTINUOUS ION FLOTATION: INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICAL OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS1

ABSTRACT: Ion flotation is the term used to describe a process in which there is an initally homogeneous solution which becomes heterogeneous after the addition of an oppositely charged surfactant due to the reaction between the surfactant and specific ion(s); thus, insoluble complexes are formed. These insoluble complexes will then attached to the bubbles passing through the solution and thus leave in the foam phase. The performance of the continuous ion flotation process for the removal of haft lignin from water was investigated intensively using liquid flow rates, gas flow rates, feed locations and solution height as operational variables. The interrelationships among these physical parameters were studied and discussed. A dimensionless operational chart was established for process control. Results demonstrate that ion flotation is an effective process for removing lignin from water, provided that a quaternary ammonium salt, such as cetyldimethylbenzyl-ammonium chloride or the like, is used as a collector. At optimum operational conditions, higher than 0.95 fractional removal of lignin can be achieved.     

A HYBRID COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR PREDICTING THE CHEMICAL QUALITY OF IRRIGATION RETURN FLOWS1

ABSTRACT. A hybrid computer program was developed to predict the water and salt outflow from a river basin in which irrigation is the major user of water. The model combines a chemical model which predicts the quality of water percolated through a soil profile with a general hydrologic model. The chemical model considers the reactions that occur in the soil, including the exchange of calcium, magnesium, and sodium cations on the soil complex, and the dissolution and precipitation of gypsum and lime. The chemical composition of the outflow is a function of these chemical processes within the soil, plus the blending of undiverted inflows, evaporation, transpiration, and the mixing of sub surface return flows with groundwater. The six common ions of western waters, namely calcium (Ca⁺⁺), magnesium (Mg⁺⁺), sodium (Na⁺), sulfate (SO₄⁼), chloride (Cl^?), and bicarbonate (HCO₃^?) were considered in the study. Total dissolved solids (TDS) outflow was obtained by adding the individual ions. The overall model operates on a monthly time unit. The model was tested on a portion of the Little Bear River basin in northern Utah. The model successfully simulated measured outflows of water and each of the six ions for a 24-month period. The usefulness of the model was demonstrated by a management study of the prototype system. For example, preliminary results indicated that the available water supply could be used to irrigate additional land without unduly increasing the salt outflow from the basin. With minor adjustments the model can be applied to other hydrologic areas.     

鞘细菌对镉离子的吸附性能及机理研究

研究了鞘细菌对镉离子的吸附性能及机理。实验结果表明：鞘细菌对镉离子吸附的最佳条件组合为镉离子初始质量浓度25 mg/L、吸附时间30 min、反应温度30 ℃;在此条件下,鞘细菌对镉离子的吸附量和吸附率均达最大值,分别为1 778 mg/g和84.65%;SEM照片显示,与吸附前相比,吸附后的鞘细菌菌体形态发生明显变化,菌体表面变得粗糙,并有大量絮状物沉积;吸附前后鞘细菌的红外光谱谱图显示,羟基、酰胺基、羧基等活性基团参与了镉离子的吸附过程。     

消除氯离子对CODcr快速仪法干扰的实验

氯离子浓度高于５００ｍｇ／Ｌ时,对ＣＯＤｃｒ的测定呈混浊干扰,通过加入ＨｇＳＯ４络合氯离子,可消除氯离子含量达２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ的干扰,过量的ＨｇＳＯ４对ＣＯＤｃｒ结果无影响。     

离子色谱法测定降水中的阳离子

应用Waters新型阳离子分离柱快速，准确地一次性同时测定降水中阳离子（Na^ ,NH4^ ,K^ ,Mg^2 ,Ca^2 )，该方法具有良好的精密度、线性相关系数和加标回收率。     

A study on hexachromic ion selective electrode based on supported liquid membranes

An ion selective electrode (ISE) for determining Cr(VI) using supported liquid membranes (SLMs) containing trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) was investigated in this study. TOPO, as a carrier, had a high selectivity for Cr(VI) against interfering ions such as sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, and chloride. The composition of the SLM was optimized as 0.193 g TOPO/1 mL NPOE (o-nitrophenyl octyl ether)/0.5 g poly (vinyl chloride) for detection of Cr(VI). The Cr(VI) concentration was measured in the range of1 × 10^-3 to 1 × 10^-6 M with the SLM prepared in the study. It seemed that Cr(VI) was transported in the SLM as a triply charged ion indicated by the slope of the emf response. Selectivity coefficients and detection limits of Cr(VI) in the presence of interfering ions were determined experimentally using the fixed interference method.     

Monitoring of Fogwater Chemistry in the Gulf Coast Urban Industrial Corridor: Baton Rouge (Louisiana)

Seventeen fog events were sampled in Baton Rouge, Louisiana during 2002–2004 as part of characterizing wet deposition by fogwater in the heavily industrialized corridor along the Louisiana Gulf Coast in the United States. These samples were analyzed for chemical characteristics such as pH, conductivity, total organic and inorganic carbon, total metals and the principal ion concentrations. The dominant ionic species in all samples were NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻. The pH of the fogwater sampled had a mean value of 6.7 with two cases of acidic pH of 4.7. Rainwater and fogwater pH were similar in this region. The acidity of fogwater was a result of NO₃⁻ but partly offset by high NH₄⁺. The measured gaseous SO₂ accounted for a small percentage of the observed sulfate concentration, indicating additional gas-to-particle conversion of SO₂ to sulfate in fogwater. The gaseous NO_x accounted for most of the dissolved nitrate and nitrite concentration in fogwater. The high chloride concentration was attributable to the degradation of chlorinated organics in the atmosphere. The metal composition was traced directly to soil-derived aerosol precursors in the air. The major metals observed in fogwater were Na, K, Ca, Fe, Al, Mg and Zn. Of these Na, K, Ca and Mg were predominant with mean concentrations > 100 μM. Al, Fe and Zn were present in the samples, at mean concentrations < 100 μM. Small concentrations of Mn (7.8 μM), Cu (2 μM), Pb (0.07 μM) and As (0.32 μM) were also observed in the fogwaters, and these were shown to result from particulates (PM_2.5) in the atmosphere. The contribution to both ions and metals from the marine sources in the Louisiana Gulf Coast was minimal. The concentrations of all principal ionic species and metals in fogwater were 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than in rainwater. Several linear alkane organic compounds were observed in the fogwater, representing the contributions from petroleum products at concentrations far exceeding their aqueous solubility. A pesticide (atrazine) was also observed in fogwater, representing the contribution from the agricultural activities nearby.     

氨基黑10B褪色光度法测定痕量季铵盐型阳离子表面活性剂的研究

研究了在硫酸介质中,季铵盐型表面活性剂溴化十六烷基三甲基铵(CTMAB)、溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)对氨基黑10B的褪色作用,建立了褪色光度法测定痕量CTMAB和CPB的新方法,并探讨了褪色反应的机理和条件,测定CTMAB和CPB的线性范围皆为0～3×10-5mol L,摩尔吸光系数分别为1 77×104L mol·cm和1 17×104L mol·cm,用于水样中微量季铵盐型表面活性剂的测定,结果满意。     

水中阴离子表面活性洗涤剂测定新方法的研究

介绍了水中阴离子表面活性剂测定新方法，该法与亚甲蓝法比较，具有操作步骤简单，萃取剂用量少的优点。