气力输送化工粉体静电带电影响因素试验研究

采用自建全尺寸粉体静电试验系统,以聚丙烯颗粒为试验介质物料,测试了气力输送过程中物料质量流量、输送气体流量以及离子风消电器对聚丙烯颗粒静电带电量的影响规律。结果表明:气力输送粉体物料时,粉体颗粒与管壁碰撞是影响颗粒带电的主要因素之一,导致颗粒带电量随颗粒质量流量降低和气体输送流量增加(风速增大)而增大。提高质量流量、降低输送气体流量并使用离子风静电消除器,是降低气力输送物料静电危害风险的重要措施。     

船舶电池储能系统管理策略研究

目的 降低船舶污染排放,延长电池使用寿命,改善变工况条件下储能系统的动力性.方法 电池系统采用基于经验模态分解及模糊控制的双层管理策略,以磷酸铁锂电池组为主动力源来承担平缓功率,超级电容组为辅动力源来承担高频功率,引入样本熵对功率信号进行评估.结果 以某船舶工况进行仿真,相较于单一经验模态策略,引入模糊修正策略后的磷酸铁锂电池组放电深度由6.55％～94.35％变为14.56％～57.15％;超级电容组的放电深度由14.83％～52.11％变为12.7％～79.38％;磷酸铁锂电池组功率信号样本熵值由0.0182降为0.0177.结论 变工况条件下,上述控制策略可降低单工况下柴油机平均燃油消耗,减少储能端电池受到暂态功率的冲击,延缓电池老化速度,加长电池使用寿命,提升船舶储能系统的可靠性及环保性.     

Insights into measurements of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 and their gaseous precursors in Beijing

To better understand the characteristics and transformation mechanisms of secondary inorganic aerosols, hourly mass concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in PM_2.5 and their gaseous precursors were measured online from 2016 to 2018 at an urban site in Beijing. Seasonal and diurnal variations in water-soluble ions and gaseous precursors were discussed and their gas-particle conversion and partitioning were also examined, some related parameters were characterized. The (TNH₃) _Rich was also defined to describe the variations of the excess NH₃ in different seasons. In addition, a sensitivity test was carried out by using ISORROPIA II to outline the driving factors of gas-particle partitioning. In Beijing, the relative contribution of nitrate to PM_2.5 has increased markedly in recent years, especially under polluted conditions. In the four seasons, only a small portion of NO₂ in the atmosphere was converted into total nitrate (TNO₃)_, and more than 80% of TNO₃ occurred in the form of nitrate due to the abundant ammonia. The concentration of total ammonia (TNH₃) was much higher than that required to neutralize acid gases, and most of the TNH₃ occurred as gaseous NH₃. The nitrous acid (HONO) concentration was highly correlated with NH₃ concentration and had increased significantly in Beijing compared with previous studies. The total chloride (TCl) was the highest in winter, and ε(Cl^?) was more sensitive to variations in the ambient temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) than ε(NO₃^?).     

南京北郊四季PM2.5中有机胺的污染特征及来源解析

2017年12月至2018年11月在南京北郊采集了大气PM_(2.5)样品,对其中的有机胺、主要水溶性离子、有机碳和元素碳进行了定量分析.共测定南京北郊大气PM_(2.5)中5种有机胺:甲胺、乙胺、二甲胺、三甲胺和苯胺.有机胺年平均总浓度为(54. 2±29. 2) ng·m~(-3),其中最丰富的物种为二甲胺[年均值:(20. 2±13. 7) ng·m~(-3)],其次为甲胺[年均值:(13. 1±6. 3)ng·m~(-3)]、三甲胺[年均值:(8. 6±4. 1) ng·m~(-3)]、乙胺[年均值:(6. 3±4. 1) ng·m~(-3)]和苯胺[年均值:(5. 9±3. 9) ng·m~(-3)],有机胺总浓度呈现出明显的季节变化,表现为夏季秋季春季冬季.污染天有机胺的浓度大于清洁天,主要是受大气颗粒物酸性影响大气有机胺气/粒转换所致,并且大气颗粒物酸性也是导致夏季高温条件下颗粒态有机胺仍高于其它季节的另一原因.在新粒子生长天,发现有机胺的浓度会有所增加. PMF法溯源结果显示南京北郊大气PM_(2.5)中主要有6种有机胺排放源:即工业源、农业源、生物质燃烧、机动车排放、二次源和道路扬尘.其中甲胺、乙胺主要来源于二次源和机动车排放;二甲胺、三甲胺主要来源于生物质燃烧、二次源和机动车排放;苯胺主要来源于工业排放和生物质燃烧.有机胺的来源具有显著的季节差异,春季秋季道路扬尘源占比较高,夏季二次源为有机胺主要的污染源,冬季机动车排放源和生物质燃烧源有一定提升.而有机胺的昼夜差异并不明显,二次源、机动车排放源以及生物质燃烧源是3个主要影响因素.     

背景离子类型和浓度对聚苯乙烯微塑料/铅在饱和石英砂中共运移的影响

为阐明水化学条件对微塑料和重金属运移的影响,初步明确两种环境污染物共运移过程中的耦合效应及其对环境条件的响应机制,研究了背景电解质离子不同价态和浓度组成条件下1μm聚苯乙烯微塑料(PS-MPs)和Pb²⁺在饱和一维砂柱中的单独及共迁移行为.结果表明:背景离子浓度的增加或价态的升高均会抑制PS-MPs的单独运移能力,当Na⁺浓度从1mmol/L增加到100mmol/L,PS-MPs和石英砂之间的排斥势垒下降了1348kT;当Ca²⁺浓度从1mmol/L增加到100mmol/L,PS-MPs和石英砂之间的排斥势垒下降了956kT.PS-MPs/Pb²⁺二元体系中Pb²⁺能降低PS-MPs的迁移能力,背景离子浓度和价态的提升可削弱Pb²⁺对PS-MPs运移能力的抑制性.当Na⁺浓度从1mmol/L增加到100mmol/L,PS-MPs和石英砂之间的排斥势垒下降了1100kT;当Ca²⁺浓度从1mmol/L增加到100mmol/L,PS-MPs和石英砂之间的排斥势垒下降了543kT.背景离子浓度的增加或价态的升高能促进Pb²⁺的单独运移能力.PS-MPs/Pb²⁺二元体系中,PS-MPs能够促进Pb²⁺的运移,背景离子浓度较低时,PS-MPs负载Pb²⁺的迁移率较高,反之亦然.对于PS-MPs和Pb²⁺单运移体系,背景阳离子浓度和价态的提升可进一步屏蔽PS-MPs及石英砂表面负电荷,竞争吸附石英砂表面结合位点,抑制PS-MPs运移,促进Pb²⁺运移;对于PS-MPs和Pb²⁺共运移体系,背景离子浓度和价态的提升可通过调节Pb²⁺与PS-MPs及石英砂表面的相互作用,削弱Pb²⁺对PS-MPs迁移能力的抑制作用.背景离子对PS-MPs表面位点的竞争吸附及对电荷的屏蔽效应影响PS-MPs对Pb²⁺的负载迁移能力.     

离子交换树脂在污泥处理中的应用及展望

离子交换树脂(IER)因其不溶性以及可循环利用性被广泛用于废水处理,但目前仍缺乏其对污泥应用研究的综述。本文汇总了污泥中常见IER类型(阳离子交换树脂、阴离子交换树脂以及螯合树脂),并介绍了树脂的基本特性以及适用的污泥方向,其中阳离子交换树脂,尤其是强酸性苯乙烯系阳离子交换树脂,适用范围最广。IER在污泥中的应用归为4类,分别为去除/回收重金属、回收磷、胞外聚合物提取以及调理污泥,并阐述了基本应用机理以及优缺点。针对IER在污泥中应用的不足,提出未来的研究方向,包括改性或开发新型IER去除/回收污泥中的重金属,优化IER直接回收污泥中磷的方法,改进IER调理污泥的方式以及开发新型分离IER与污泥的手段。本文有助于研究人员更好的了解IER在污水厂污泥中的应用现状,优化IER处理污泥的应用方式以及开发应用于污泥处理的新型IER。     

Adsorption of humic acid from aqueous solution on bilayer hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-modified zeolite

Surfactant-modified natural zeolites (SMNZ) with different coverage types were prepared by loading hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB) onto the surface of a natural zeolite. The adsorption behavior of humic acid (HA) on SMNZ was investigated. Results indicate that the adsorbent SMNZ exhibited a higher affinity toward HA than the natural zeolite. HA removal efficiency by SMNZ increased with HTAB loading. Coexisting Ca²⁺ in solution favored HA adsorption onto SMNZ. Adsorption capacity decreased with an increasing solution pH. For typical SMNZ with bilayer HTAB coverage, HA adsorption process is well described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The experimental isotherm data fitted well with the Langmuir model. Calculated maximum HA adsorption capacities for SMNZ with bilayer HTAB coverage at pH 5.5 and 7.5 were 63 and 41 mg·g^-1, respectively. E2/E3 (absorbance at 250 nm to that at 365 nm) and E4/E6 (absorbance at 465 nm to that at 665 nm) ratios of the residual HA in solution were lower than that of the original HA solution. This indicates that the HA fractions with high polar functional groups, low molecular weight (MW), and aromaticity had a stronger tendency for adsorption onto SMNZ with bilayer HTAB coverage. Results show that HTAB-modified natural zeolite is a promising adsorbent for removal of HA from aqueous solution.     

膜系统处理电镀废水实验研究

采用膜系统处理二级排放电镀废水,研究在不同的进水条件与操作条件下,膜系统分离电镀废水中重金属离子及回收废水的效果;研究结果表明:膜系统去除二价及以上重金属离子非常有效,当系统的运行压力为0.65 MPa,进水pH在6～8,进水流量和回流比分别维持在1 m3/h与1.0左右,膜系统对Cr3+、Cu2+、Ni2+去除率分别可达99.3%、98.9%、98.6%;废水回收率达35%,运行成本仅为1.6元/t;运用膜系统处理二级排放电镀废水可产生显著的经济与环境效益。     

造纸废水灌溉对新疆杨体内钠离子含量的影响

测定分析了造纸废水灌溉对新疆杨体内钠离子含量的影响.研究结果表明,在造纸废水灌溉条件下,新疆杨体内不同生长部位的钠离子含量均随着灌溉年限的增加逐渐增大,新疆杨体内钠离子含量与土壤中钠离子含量呈显著正相关;新疆杨叶片中钠离子含量明显低于根系中钠离子含量,说明盐碱胁迫下新疆杨叶片耐钠性大于根系耐钠性,新疆杨根系是钠离子累积和外排的主要部位.     

纳米氧化锌对羊角月牙藻毒性效应及其在藻细胞内外的分布

为研究纳米氧化锌(ZnO NP)的毒性效应及其在细胞内外分布,以羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)为模型藻类,研究了不同浓度ZnO NP对羊角月牙藻生长、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及细胞内外ZnO NP含量变化。结果表明,ZnO NP对羊角月牙藻的生长抑制与处理浓度呈现正相关。在45 mg·L~(-1)ZnO NP暴露24 h后,其生长抑制率已达到95%。当ZnO NP处理藻细胞72 h后,羊角月牙藻细胞的叶绿素含量与处理浓度之间存在剂量-效应关系。低浓度(0.5 mg·L~(-1))ZnO NP处理后藻细胞可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD和POD活性明显下降,MDA含量升高,其产生的毒性效应高于高浓度组(5 mg·L~(-1)、45 mg·L~(-1))。细胞培养液溶出Zn2+量及藻细胞外吸附的ZnO NP量与ZnO NP处理浓度成正比,但是藻细胞内ZnO NP量与ZnO NP浓度没有相关性,胞内积累量基本维持不变。研究表明,各浓度组对藻细胞毒性的差异,不仅与细胞内Zn2+量有关,还与细胞外粘附的ZnO NP有关。