阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）对磷钨酸(PW12)光催化还原降解偶氮染料直接耐晒黑G的影响

以磷钨酸H3PW12O4（PW12）为光催化剂,异丙醇（IS）作为电子给体,研究阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）对PW12光催化还原降解直接耐晒黑G（DB19）的影响.考察了CTAB浓度、pH值、DB19初始浓度等因素对反应的影响,并采用一级反应动力学对反应过程进行分析.结果表明CTAB增强了PW12对直接耐晒黑G的还原脱色作用,CTAB浓度增加,DB19的光催化脱色速率提高.PW12用量对DB19还原脱色的影响程度和趋势与溶液中CTAB浓度有关,当CTAB浓度为0.10 mmol.L-1时,DB19的脱色速率随PW12用量的增加而增加;CTAB浓度为0.05 mmol.L-1,PW12用量为200 mg.L-1时DB19的脱色速率最快,继续增加反而降低.DB19还原脱色速率随其初始浓度升高而降低.另外,通过循环伏安法和暗反应明确还原态杂多蓝对染料的还原脱色作用,并借助UV-Vis光谱研究DB19、PW12、CTAB之间的相互作用,探索CTAB对PW12/IS光催化还原降解DB19的作用机理.该研究结果表明阳离子表面活性剂CTAB能够增强偶氮染料废水的PW12催化还原脱色处理.     

高温燃烧水解-淋洗液在线发生离子色谱法同时测定煤中氟和氯

采用高温燃烧水解煤样-超纯水吸收装置,建立了高温燃烧水解-淋洗液在线发生离子色谱法同时测定煤中氟和氯的分析方法。系统、全面地考察了测定方法的影响因素,确定了最优高温燃烧水解预处理煤样和离子色谱法条件,并将该方法推广应用于飞灰、土壤和岩石的氟和氯含量检测,实验测定值与标准物质真实值误差能满足测定要求。     

Pesticides alter ion transport across frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus) skin

We have measured, in the edible frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus), the effect of two fungicides (8-hydroxyquinoline and captan), and four herbicides (DCMU, glyphosate, paraquat, and propachlor) on the short-circuit current, whose value gives an estimate of the net ion transport taking place across isolated skin. Glyphosate and paraquat treatment produced a modest increase in short-circuit current, corresponding to 2.6±0.7 and 4.6±0.8 μA·cm^?2, whereas the other substances had a more sustained effect, ranging from 9.1±0.6 (propachlor) to 14.8±0.9 μA·cm^?2 (captan), which is mainly attributable to an increase in the Na⁺ absorption, and, to a lesser extent, Cl^? secretion. The increase in short-circuit current after pesticide treatment, was partially abolished by AF12198, indomethacin, SC58125, SQ 22536, and W7; these results suggest that pesticides, independently from their chemical structure, induce the release of interleukin-1, which triggers the activity of cyclooxygenase-2, whose products, via a concentration in intracellular cAMP and Ca²⁺ concentration, increase Na⁺ absorption. The resulting Na⁺ disequilibrium must be compensated for by other epithelia, with the only consequence being the dissipation of energy. However, our results are important because they indicate that pesticides interact with the basic cellular machinery, which is responsible for the myriad of biological functions of different cell types.     

Effect of humic acid and metal ions on the debromination of BDE209 by nZVM prepared from steel pickling waste liquor

As a promising in situ remediation technology, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) can remove polybrominated diphenyl ethers such as decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) effectively, However its use is limited by its high production cost. Using steel pickling waste liquor as a raw material to prepare nanoscale zero-valent metal (nZVM) can overcome this deficiency. It has been shown that humic acid and metal ions have the greatest influence on remediation. The results showed that nZVM and nZVI both can effectively remove BDE209 with little difference in their removal efficiencies, and humic acid inhibited the removal efficiency, whereas metal ions promoted it. The promoting effects followed the order Ni²⁺>Cu²⁺>Co²⁺ and the cumulative effect of the two factors was a combination of the promoting and inhibitory individual effects. The major difference between nZVM and nZVI lies in their crystal form, as nZVI was found to be amorphous while that of nZVM was crystal. However, it was found that both nZVM and nZVI removed BDE209 with similar removal efficiencies. The effects and cumulative effects of humic acid and metal ions on nZVM and nZVI were very similar in terms of the efficiency of the BDE209 removal.     

上海浦东新区城区大气PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征研究

为研究大气中细颗粒物(PM2.5)在中低浓度水平下的污染特征及来源,于2018-2020年在上海市浦东新区采用在线气体组分及气溶胶监测系统对大气ρ(PM2.5)及其水溶性离子的质量浓度进行了在线连续观测.结果表明,2018-2020年ρ(PM2 5)变化总体均呈现冬季较高,春、秋季其次,夏季较低的特征.PM2.5中水溶...     

溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体在空心菜中的吸收积累特性及其毒理效应

通过营养液水培的方式,研究了在不同浓度溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([C4mim]Br)对空心菜的毒性效应,测定了[C4mim]Br对空心菜各生长指标、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MAD)含量以及根系活力的变化情况,同时研究了空心菜对[C4mim]Br的吸收和体内积累特征。结果表明:随着[C4mim]Br处理浓度与培养时间的增加,[C4mim]Br对空心菜各生理生化指标有显著抑制作用,且抑制效应具有剂量依赖型特点,半最大效应浓度(EC_(50))值为1.64 mg·L~(-1)。空心菜体内丙二醛含量显著增加表明[C4mim]Br加剧了细胞膜受损,导致根系对[C4mim]Br的吸收积累能力下降。空心菜的富集系数与转运系数均小于1,表明空心菜可以从环境中吸收并积累[C4mim]Br,但从根到地上部分转运[C4mim]Br能力较弱。     

超低排放典型燃烧源颗粒物及水溶性离子排放水平与特征

研究以自行开发建立的超低排放高湿废气中总颗粒物（total particulate matter,TPM）的直接冷凝采样系统及监测方法,应用于3台北京市超低排放典型燃烧源烟气中颗粒物的排放监测.分析和评估超低排放典型燃烧源排气中颗粒物及其水溶性离子的排放水平与组成特征,探究可过滤颗粒物（filterable particulate matter,FPM）和可凝聚颗粒物（condensable particulate matter,CPM）及其水溶性离子的相互作用与影响因素.结果表明：北京市超低排放燃煤锅炉FPM基准氧含量排放浓度介于1.04~1.11mg·m^-3之间,TPM基准氧含量排放浓度介于3.82~8.69mg·m^-3之间,均满足国家超低排放颗粒物限值要求（10mg·m^-3）,燃煤电厂TPM排放浓度超过了北京市颗粒物排放标准限值要求（5 mg·m^-3）.燃煤供暖锅炉CPM及其总水溶性离子排放水平分别为3.05mg·m^-3和1.30mg·m^-3,显著低于燃煤电厂,与燃煤电厂的负荷和烟温较高有关;燃煤电厂锅炉CPM及其总水溶性离子排放浓度分别是燃煤供暖锅炉的2.2~2.4倍和1.7~2.2倍.燃气电厂TPM及其总水溶性离子排放水平分别为1.99mg·m^-3和1.44mg·m^-3,均明显低于燃煤锅炉.CPM是燃烧源排气中颗粒物的主要形式,在超低排放锅炉烟气中CPM对TPM的质量贡献显著增加,并随烟温的升高而增加,燃煤锅炉为72.6%~88.1%,燃气电厂为93.1%,且水溶性离子总量的66.1%~94.2%存在于CPM中.排气烟温显著影响颗粒物及其水溶性离子的赋存形态、脱除效率与排放水平.SO₄^2-是燃煤锅炉颗粒物的主要特征离子,排放浓度介于0.98~1.18mg·m^-3,占水溶性离子排放总量的27.7%~49.6%,来源于烟气脱硫;F^-是燃煤电厂颗粒物中又一主要特征离子,排放浓度介于1.91~2.32mg·m^-3,占水溶性离子排放总量的54.4%~56.1%,可能与燃料煤含氟量高有关;NH₄⁺是燃气电厂颗粒物的主要特征离子,排放浓度为0.92mg·m^-3,占水溶性离子排放总量的64.2%,来源于选择性催化还原法（selective catalytic reduction,SCR）脱硝过程中的NH₃逃逸,其排放浓度显著高于燃煤锅炉,可能与燃气电厂缺少其它净化设施的协同去除效应有关.     

土壤中游离重金属离子的测定--唐南膜平衡法

对比了最近几十年来国内外土壤溶液中游离重金属离子浓度的测定方法,在此基础上建立了一种新的测量方法———唐南膜平衡法(DMT)。研究表明,该实验方法可以在不影响反应体系平衡的基础上同时测定多金属元素,而且彼此之间不会发生干扰。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧灰渣浸出试验

选择了城市生活垃圾焚烧炉渣中8种含量高、危害大的金属元素进行了静态和动态浸出性试验。结果表明,钙含量和温度是影响有害金属离子溶出的主要因素。对8种金属离子的浸出率和迁移规律进行了排序和分析,为灰渣安全处理和合理利用提供了科学依据。