温度和氯离子浓度对30CrMnSiNiA腐蚀速率的影响研究

目的研究温度和氯离子浓度对金属腐蚀速率的影响。方法通过失重法研究对比30CrMnSiNiA结构钢在不同氯离子浓度和温度下的腐蚀速率。结果 30CrMnSiNiA钢的腐蚀速率都经历了一个增大-减小-趋于稳定的过程,说明腐蚀机理并未发生改变。在温度较低和氯离子浓度较低的条件下,升高温度和氯离子浓度将会提高腐蚀速率;当温度和氯离子浓度很高时,继续升高温度和氯离子浓度将会降低溶液中溶解氧的含量,使腐蚀速率降低,溶解氧的极限扩展速率将会成为限制腐蚀速率的关键因素。结论不同温度和氯离子浓度下金属腐蚀规律相同,温度和氯离子浓度在一定范围内促进了金属的腐蚀速率。当超过转化点后,提高温度和氯离子浓度会降低腐蚀速率。     

Effects of silver adsorbed on fumed silica, silver phosphate glass, bentonite organomodified with silver and titanium dioxide in aquatic indicator organisms

In order to reduce the level of transmission of diseases caused by bacteria and fungi, the development of antimicrobial additives for use in personal care, hygiene products, clothing and others has increased. Many of these additives are based on metals such as silver and titanium. The disposal of these products in the environment has raised concerns pertaining to their potential harmfulness for beneficial organisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the shape, surface chemistry, size and carrier of three additives containing silver and one with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) on microcrustacean survival. Daphnia magna was used as a bioindicator for acute exposure test in suspensions from 0.0001 to 10,000 ppm. Ceriodaphnia dubia was used for chronic test in TiO₂ suspensions from 0.001 to 100 ppm. D. magna populations presented high susceptibility to all silver based additives, with 100% mortality after 24 hr of exposure. A different result was found in the acute experiments containing TiO₂ suspensions, with mortality rates only after 48 hr of incubation. Even on acute and chronic tests, TiO₂ did not reach a linear concentration-response versus mortality, with 1 ppm being more toxic than 10,000 ppm on acute test and 0.001 more toxic than 0.01 ppm on chronic assay. Silver based material toxicity was attributed to silver itself, and had no relation to either form (nano or ion) or carrier (silica, phosphate glass or bentonite). TiO₂ demonstrated to have a low acute toxicity against D. magna.     

平朔矿区不同水体水化学特征及氟分布成因

为了探明采煤驱动下平朔矿区所在流域内不同水体水化学特征及氟分布成因,综合运用水化学图解、主成分分析和地球化学模拟等方法,对2020~2021年采集的468组地表水、地下水和矿井水样品进行分析.结果表明,地表水、地下水和矿井水均呈近中性至弱碱性;地表水和矿井水中优势阴离子为SO₄^2-,地下水中优势阴离子为HCO₃^-,Ca²⁺是所有水体中的优势阳离子.地表水和矿井水水化学类型以SO₄·HCO₃-Ca·Mg为主.地下水水化学类型主要为HCO₃-Ca·Mg,采煤区的浅层或深层地下水存在HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型.水体水化学主要受碳酸盐岩风化溶解、采煤活动以及含氟矿物的风化溶解影响,采煤和工农业等人类活动加速了不同水体间水化学转换,尤其是浅层地下水.水体ρ（F^-）介于0.10~1.76 mg·L^-1,其中,42%浅层地下水F^-浓度高于国家饮用水安全限值;时空分布上,西北至东南地下水中F^-浓度平均值呈增加趋势,3月和8月F^-浓度偏高.高氟浅层地下水化学呈现偏碱性和高Na⁺特征.F^-富集主要受采煤活动和含氟矿物风化溶解影响,水体中方解石饱和加速了含氟矿物的风化溶解.     

Critical Limits for Hg(II) in soils, derived from chronic toxicity data

Published chronic toxicity data for Hg(II) added to soils were assembled and evaluated to produce a data set comprising 52 chronic end-points, five each for plants and invertebrates and 42 for microbes. With end-points expressed in terms of added soil Hg(II) contents, Critical Limits were derived from the 5th percentiles of species sensitivity distributions, values of 0.13 μg (g soil)⁻¹ and 3.3 μg (g soil organic matter)⁻¹ being obtained. The latter value exceeds the currently recommended Critical Limit, used to determine Hg(II) Critical Loads in Europe, of 0.5 μg (g soil organic matter)⁻¹. We also applied the WHAM/Model VI chemical speciation model to estimate concentrations of Hg²⁺ in soil solution, and derived an approximate Critical Limit Function (CLF) that includes pH; log [Hg²⁺]_crit = −2.15 pH −17.10. Because they take soil properties into account, the soil organic matter-based limit and the CLF provide the best assessment of toxic threat for different soils. For differing representative soils, each predicts a range of up to 100-fold in the dry weight-based content of mercury that corresponds to the Critical Limit.     

MIEX中试实验对二级出水中有机物去除的3DEEM解析

利用三维荧光光谱研究了磁性离子交换树脂（magnetic ion exchange resin,MIEX）对污水厂二级出水中有机物的去除特征.结果表明,磁性树脂处理二级出水过程中,两级反应过程和进水流量对DOC和UV254有较显著的去除效果,去除率分别达到25.5%～53.5%和27.6%～52.2%,其中50 L.h-1流量条件下,出水中DOC和UV254浓度分别为3.29 mg.L-1和0.057cm-1.水中芳香族蛋白质或酚类物质和类腐殖酸物质荧光强度较高,磁性树脂使二级出水中色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质、芳香族蛋白质、腐殖酸类荧光强度分别下降38.2%、85.8%和85.7%,腐殖酸和富里酸峰消失,并露出溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光峰.不同进水流量条件下,色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质荧光强度下降率和芳香族蛋白质或酚类物质荧光强度下降率与进水流量的负相关性最好,50～100 L.h-1流量条件对各类荧光物质的去除率影响最大.磁性树脂与二级出水中色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质和芳香族蛋白质或酚类物质有更好的线性置换关系（R2=0.834 8）,磁性树脂对二级出水中芳香族蛋白质或酚类物质的置换作用则最显著（a=850.2）.     

粉煤灰沸石吸附铜离子的试验研究

文章主要对粉煤灰沸石吸附水溶液中的铜离子进行了研究。通过试验考察了pH、温度、吸附时间、离子初始浓度等主要条件对吸附效率的影响。试验结果表明：NaA型沸石吸附铜离子的最佳pH 5;动力学研究表明,铜离子在100 min可以达到吸附平衡,而且更好地遵循二级动力学模型;热力学研究表明,45℃时吸附铜离子的效果最好,而且更好地遵循Langmuir等温式;随着离子初始浓度的增加,吸附量也相应增加。最佳条件下最大吸附量44.776 mg/g。     

基于钴的磷酸盐离子选择性电极研究

文章以金属钴为基体,在其表面形成对磷酸二氢盐有良好电化学响应的氧化钴敏感膜,成功的制备了磷酸盐离子选择性电极。详细讨论了不同活化时间和不同活化溶液对磷酸盐检测的线性响应范围、响应斜率及检测限的影响。实验结果表明:该基于钴的磷酸盐离子选择性电极在0.025 mol/L邻苯二甲酸氢钾的底液中,对磷酸二氢盐在10-4~10-1mol/L浓度范围内呈线性响应,其响应斜率为-48.27 mV/dec,检测限为2.27×10-5mol/L,相关系数R2为0.99。该电极具有良好的稳定性和重现性。已成功用于实际自来水样中磷酸二氢盐的检测,结果满意。     

胶团强化超滤处理含镍废水

胶团强化超滤(MEUF)是一种高效分离水中金属离子的技术。以无机陶瓷膜为媒介,采用胶团强化超滤法处理含镍废水,考察膜孔径,表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)浓度、镍离子浓度、pH值等因素对胶团强化超滤过程的影响。实验结果表明:膜孔径、SDS浓度、pH值对镍离子截留率有显著影响。当废水温度为20℃,操作压力为0.15 MPa,膜孔径为20 nm,SDS浓度为6.0 mmol/L时超滤效果最好;在此条件下,镍离子的截留率达99.25%,膜通量为89.65 L/(m2.h)。     

论离子色谱在县级环境监测中的应用

为更好地对县域环境进行监测,确保县级环保事业的有效推进,就离子色谱仪在县级环境监测中的应用、仪器的维护与保养等进行了分析与论述。     

硅纳米团簇与石墨烯复合结构储锂性能的第一性原理研究

本文采用第一性原理计算方法,研究了不同晶向硅纳米团簇与石墨烯复合结构稳定性及其储锂性能.计算了不同高度、大小硅团簇与石墨烯复合结构的结合能,复合结构中嵌锂吸附能和PDOS.分析表明,硅团簇和石墨烯之间形成较强的Si—C键,其中[111]晶向硅团簇与石墨烯作用的形成能最高,结构最为稳定.进一步计算其嵌锂吸附能,发现硅团簇中靠近石墨烯界面处的储锂位置更加有利于锂的吸附,由于锂和碳、硅之间有较强电荷转移,其吸附能明显大于其他储锂位置.同时在锂嵌入过程中,由于石墨烯的引入,明显减小了界面处硅的形变,有望提高其作为锂电池负极材料的可逆容量.