吐鲁番市地表水水化学特征变化分析

在将1958年吐鲁番市地表水质检测资料与2013—2014年实地检测结果对比的基础上,综合运用数学统计、三角组分图、Gibbs图等方法,分析研究了吐鲁番市地表水化学特征的变化情况.结果表明,2013—2014年吐鲁番市地表水较1958年相比,TDS、硬度上升幅度超过一倍,SO2-4、Mg2+、Na+均上升,HCO-3、Ca2+下降.水化学类型由HCO-3型转变为HCO-3-SO2-4型;离子中Ca2+、HCO-3、TDS三者之间具有显著相关性转变为SO2-4、K++Na+、和TDS之间相关性显著;地表水在1958年主要受岩石风化作用的影响,而在2013—2014年受蒸发结晶作用的控制更加地显著,且受人为作用的影响明显地增强.     

基于脱氧核酶的水中铀酰离子荧光检测方法研究

为了实现对于水中铀酰离子的快速灵敏检测,本研究基于脱氧核酶(DNAzyme)对铀酰离子的高特异识别能力及荧光共振能量转移(FRET)的信号产生原理,建立了铀酰离子的荧光检测方法.结果发现,在铀酰离子存在的条件下,两端分别标记荧光基团和淬灭基团的底物链被标记淬灭基团的酶链特异性切断,释放标记荧光基团的底物链片段,使得体系的荧光信号强度得到提高.通过底物链与酶链的比例、浓度及反应时间的优化,提高了检测方法的灵敏性,结果显示,本方法对于铀酰离子的检测限可达到0.7 nmol·L~(-1)(3S/N),并在4~20 nmol·L~(-1)之间保持良好的线性检测范围,整个检测过程仅需6 min即可完成.本检测方法具有良好的选择性,常见的金属离子铜、铅、汞、砷、镁、钙等对于检测结果无明显干扰作用.对清华大学饮用水及自来水的加标回收率实验结果显示,加标回收率分别为98.0%~107.8%和90.0%~108.0%.本研究为今后铀酰离子在实际环境水体中的检测奠定了基础.     

纳米二氧化锆吸附Pb~(2+)的研究

采用沉淀法合成了纳米级二氧化锆,利用SEM、XRD技术,对纳米ZrO_2进行微观形貌和粒径分析,探讨了吸附时间、吸附温度、pH值以及Pb~(2+)初始浓度对吸附的影响,分析了吸附热力学性质和动力学特性,初步探讨了吸附机理。研究结果表明:在吸附温度为40℃,Pb~(2+)初始浓度为10 mg/L,pH为4.5时,吸附反应40 min后,最大吸附量为17.8 mg/g;纳米ZrO_2对Pb~(2+)吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,其吸附动力学过程以准二级动力学方程拟合效果最好;温度在303~323 K时,纳米ZrO_2吸附Pb~(2+)的吉布斯自由能ΔG~o<0、焓变ΔH~o<0、熵变ΔS~o<0,表明纳米ZrO_2对Pb~(2+)的吸附是一个自发放热过程。     

Effects of silver adsorbed on fumed silica, silver phosphate glass, bentonite organomodified with silver and titanium dioxide in aquatic indicator organisms

In order to reduce the level of transmission of diseases caused by bacteria and fungi, the development of antimicrobial additives for use in personal care, hygiene products, clothing and others has increased. Many of these additives are based on metals such as silver and titanium. The disposal of these products in the environment has raised concerns pertaining to their potential harmfulness for beneficial organisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the shape, surface chemistry, size and carrier of three additives containing silver and one with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) on microcrustacean survival. Daphnia magna was used as a bioindicator for acute exposure test in suspensions from 0.0001 to 10,000 ppm. Ceriodaphnia dubia was used for chronic test in TiO₂ suspensions from 0.001 to 100 ppm. D. magna populations presented high susceptibility to all silver based additives, with 100% mortality after 24 hr of exposure. A different result was found in the acute experiments containing TiO₂ suspensions, with mortality rates only after 48 hr of incubation. Even on acute and chronic tests, TiO₂ did not reach a linear concentration-response versus mortality, with 1 ppm being more toxic than 10,000 ppm on acute test and 0.001 more toxic than 0.01 ppm on chronic assay. Silver based material toxicity was attributed to silver itself, and had no relation to either form (nano or ion) or carrier (silica, phosphate glass or bentonite). TiO₂ demonstrated to have a low acute toxicity against D. magna.     

海水中铜试样溶出的铜离子对铝合金腐蚀的影响

目的研究在海水中暴露的铜试样溶出的铜离子对邻近铝合金腐蚀的影响。方法采用海水暴露试验方法。结果在青岛和厦门海水中获得了4种铝合金在铜试样邻近暴露1年的腐蚀结果。结论在海水中暴露的铜试样溶出的铜离子使邻近海水的铜离子浓度升高。对在试验期间没发生局部腐蚀的LF3M,180YS和LC4CS(BL),铜试样溶出的铜离子对其腐蚀没影响。对在试验期间发生点蚀和缝隙腐蚀的铝合金LD2CS,铜试样溶出的铜离子显著加速了它的腐蚀。     

高温水解-溴离子选择电极测定煤中溴的影响因素实验研究

建立了高温水解-溴离子选择电极法测定煤中溴含量的方法,优选并确定高温水解提取煤中溴的最佳条件:煤样取样量0.80 g、高温水解温度1 100 ℃、停留时间25 min、氧气流量为0.2 L/min、水蒸气通量为0.9 m L/min、吸收液为10 g/L的Na OH溶液。研究表明在此优化条件下吸收液中的溴全部以Br-形式存在,用离子选择电极法测定消解液中Br-的量时,选择TISAB总离子强度调节缓冲溶液作为本方法的离子强度调节剂,测试温度为25 ℃、响应时间约为1 min。在此条件下,用岩石标准样进行验证,多次测定其误差均在标样规定的误差限内。本方法可消除试剂的基质效应和管道记忆效应,与其他方法相比,具有经济、简便和不需要贵重仪器等优点,因而能广泛用于煤和其它地质样品中溴含量的日常分析。     

温度和氯离子浓度对30CrMnSiNiA腐蚀速率的影响研究

目的研究温度和氯离子浓度对金属腐蚀速率的影响。方法通过失重法研究对比30CrMnSiNiA结构钢在不同氯离子浓度和温度下的腐蚀速率。结果 30CrMnSiNiA钢的腐蚀速率都经历了一个增大-减小-趋于稳定的过程,说明腐蚀机理并未发生改变。在温度较低和氯离子浓度较低的条件下,升高温度和氯离子浓度将会提高腐蚀速率;当温度和氯离子浓度很高时,继续升高温度和氯离子浓度将会降低溶液中溶解氧的含量,使腐蚀速率降低,溶解氧的极限扩展速率将会成为限制腐蚀速率的关键因素。结论不同温度和氯离子浓度下金属腐蚀规律相同,温度和氯离子浓度在一定范围内促进了金属的腐蚀速率。当超过转化点后,提高温度和氯离子浓度会降低腐蚀速率。     

超低排放燃煤电厂颗粒物脱除特性

在京津冀某660 MW超低排放发电机组,通过低压撞击器(DLPI)颗粒物取样系统对选择性催化还原装置(SCR)、低低温省煤器(LLTe)、静电除尘器(ESP)、高效湿法脱硫塔(WFGD)、湿式静电除尘器(WESP)进出口烟气中的颗粒物取样,通过滤膜取样系统对WFGD、WESP进出口颗粒物进行同步取样.获得了超低排放改造后,不同烟气处理设备对PM1、PM1~2.5、PM_(2.5~10)的脱除效率.结果表明,SCR能够明显增加PM1的质量浓度,PM1增加了52.11%;LLTe能够显著提高ESP的脱除效率,尤其是0.1~1μm范围内的颗粒物;WFGD能够协同脱除SO_2和颗粒物,但会增加PM1的排放,PM1质量浓度增加了59.41%,PM10中水溶性Mg2+、Cl-、SO2-4组分增加;WESP对PM1、PM1~2.5、PM_(2.5~10)均有较高的脱除效率,能够进一步降低颗粒物质量浓度.超低排放技术路线下,该燃煤电厂最终排放的PM10质量浓度为2.04 mg·m~(-3).     

Rose Bengal‐sensitized photooxygenation of chlorohydroxyaromatic contaminants in water: A kinetic study

A kinetic study of the RB‐sensitized photooxygenation of a series of chlorohydroxyaromatic (ClArOH) water contaminants (phenolic and dihydroxybenzene derivatives) has been carried out. In addition, an exhaustive study on the possible interactions of RB electronically excited triplet and singlet states with ClArOH was also developed. The determination of relative rates of oxygen uptake upon sensitized irradiation, employing auxiliar selective quenchers of oxygen active species, indicate the contribution of both singlet molecular oxygen (ca. 71%) and Superoxide ion (ca. 26%) as the reactive pathways for ClArOH degradation. The substitution by chlorine atoms in position meta greatly decrease the photooxygenation rate of the phenolic derivatives. For the dihydroxybenzene series, increase in nuclear chlorination parallels a decrease in the photodegradation rate.

Outdoors sensitized solar irradiation experiments on different ClArOH mixtures leads to measurable levels of oxygen after a few minutes exposure. From the environmental point of view, and ruling out the possibility of direct‐irradiation photoreactions, sensitized photooxygenation appears as an alternative pathway for ClArOH degradation, in competence with other naturally‐occurring photoprocesses involving reactive transient species.     

离子色谱法测定地表水中氟化物的方法探讨

探讨了离子色谱法测定地表水中氟化物的影响因素：水质样品的采集保存；水质样品所含成份；实验用水、试剂纯度、实验器皿的影响；使用离子色谱仪测定过程中对氟化物的影响。认为应切实采取措施，消除干扰。