我国不同类型地下工程中的氡水平

为了解我国地下工程内氡的浓度水平及其可能对人体产生的危害,采用核固体径迹法,在不同季节对全国23个城市的234个地下工程测点的氡浓度进行了测量。根据工程的建筑类型及用途的不同,将所有被测工程分为坑道、干道(包括掘进式地道工程)、地下室(高层建筑地下室和掘开式工程)和停车场四类,各类工程的氡浓度平均值分别为327、619、96.9、59.1 Bq.m-3。对于不同山体岩性的坑道,氡浓度值由高到低的顺序是花岗岩>凝灰岩>石英砂岩>石灰岩>安山玢岩。比较各类工程不同季节的氡浓度,得出,停车场氡浓度季节变化不大,其它三类工程都有氡浓度夏季明显高于冬季的特点,而且通风差的未使用的坑道和干道比使用中的同类工程具有相对高的氡浓度夏/冬比值。     

碎砖骨料再生混凝土配合比研究

用正交法试验分析了碎砖骨料混凝土的配合比，提出水灰比和碎砖骨料掺量分别是影响混凝土强度和流动性的主要因素。倡导用碎砖做混凝土骨料，保护生态环境。     

控制室内污染发展绿色建筑

本文介绍由于居室装修而导致室内空气污染，论述了治理室内环境污染的途径，及绿色建筑是建筑业的发展方向。     

街道峡谷对称性对污染物扩散的影响

采用数值模拟的方法,研究了行列式和错列式街谷两侧建筑物的对称性对街谷内和下游建筑尾流区污染物浓度的影响,并引入3个用于评价室内空气环境的指标来描述街谷中人员区域内的空气质量.结果表明,平均残留时间(ART)和有效通风率(PFR)可用于评价不对称街谷内的空气质量.街谷的不对称性对街谷内部和下游建筑尾流区污染物浓度分布均有明显影响.下游建筑越低,则尾流区的浓度越高.行列式和错列式街谷中人员活动空间的无量纲平均浓度分别在建筑高度比例为7/3和7/2时最大.为在城市规划中尽可能避免出现最不利比例的街谷,根据平均残留时间和有效通风率等指标,给出了上下游建筑高度比与最不利街谷改善率的关系.     

Adaptive governance to typhoon disasters for coastal sustainability: A case study in Guangdong,China

Globally, more people and assets are concentrated on the limited coastal plains where they are exposed to frequent disasters, such as typhoons, rainstorms and floods that often result in tremendous casualties and economic losses. Based on the causal analysis of the historical typhoon cases in the Guangdong Province of China, this study indicates that structural measures alone are not sufficient to resist and offset the impacts caused by typhoon disasters. Additionally, structural measures are unsustainable due to their high investment and low security. Adaptive governance, which uses non-structural measures and resilience building, is a feasible and cost-effective strategy for responding to the cascading effects of typhoon disasters. Multi-stakeholder participation and vertical–horizontal coordination are essential for providing adaptive governance to typhoon disasters. A risk-sharing model was put forward by bringing together the government, insurance companies and victims. Furthermore, a favorable atmosphere for public participation in disaster risk reduction can be fostered and should be a long-term adaptation strategy. The views and frameworks of adaptive governance provide policy makers with insights on coastal disaster risk management within the broader context of climate change.     

环境风对高层建筑楼梯井内火灾烟气运动特性的影响

环境风会影响高层建筑楼梯井内火灾烟气的运动特性.以广州市某地真实高层建筑楼梯井为原型,采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,利用火灾动力学仿真软件FDS建立该16层高层建筑楼梯井全尺寸FDS数值模型,对环境风作用下高层建筑楼梯井内火灾烟气运动规律展开数值模拟研究,分析不同窗户开合状态、不同风向和不同风速条件下环境风对高层...     

Retrofitting residential building envelopes for energy efficiency: motivations of individual homeowners in Israel

The willingness of private individuals in Israel to invest in energy-saving retrofit of the envelope of residential buildings was studied by means of a survey. Responses show that awareness of the need to conserve energy is high, but that willingness to participate in a retrofit project is modest and is limited to relatively small outlays. The decision on whether to retrofit at all, and then how much to invest in the project, is characterized as a two-stage process in which different factors may affect the outcome of each of the two stages. The major barrier to building retrofit is the perception (justified, in most cases) that the direct economic benefit to the homeowner from the resulting energy saving is small, and that given Israel's relatively mild climate, the payback period is very long. The stamp of approval provided by a government subsidy of 25% would have a large non-proportional effect on willingness to undertake building retrofit. Funding for the subsidy could be obtained from a Pigovian levy on electricity, applied for a limited period, and its environmental benefits outweigh the cost of the subsidy itself.     

北京市建筑节能现状与对策

建筑能耗在北京市能耗总量中是关键的一部分,推广节能建筑对于北京市的低碳发展具有重要意义。在当前北京市建筑节能工作中,采暖能耗是节能减排的重点,公共建筑能耗增加需要控制。在北京市低碳建筑推进工作中遇到了评测标准、检验方法的不完善,企业与个人的动力不足以及相关技术创新能力较低的障碍。针对这些问题,政府应从加强宣传与干预、建立低碳建筑标准规范和技术体系角度实施相应的应对措施,鼓励企业和个人选择低碳建筑,完善检测标准,健全技术创新体系,促进低碳建筑的推广。     

我国城乡住宅建筑物化阶段碳排量现状与趋势分析

建筑作为三大高耗能产业之一,研究其碳排放对社会经济、生态可持续发展具有重要意义。综合分析我国城镇、农村人口数量、人均住宅建筑面积的发展趋势,对2012—2050年城乡住宅面积进行预测。结合国内外文献,将建筑物化阶段碳排放源分为建材、运输、现场施工3个方面,得到剪力墙结构、钢混框架结构和砖混结构建筑在物化阶段的单位面积碳排放量。计算得到2012—2050年我国城乡新建住宅建筑面积及其物化阶段的碳排放趋势。城镇新建住宅建筑物化阶段碳排量远胜于农村,其达峰节点迟于农村。合理控制住宅建筑增加速度、延长建筑使用年限可有效减少住宅建筑物化阶段碳排量;使用绿色低碳建材和清洁能源,提高施工机械效率是低碳建筑物化阶段的研究重点。     

基坑开挖影响下下卧盾构隧道变形及控制措施研究

近年来地铁建设不断加快,在地铁隧道上方施工已成常态。为研究基坑开挖影响下下卧盾构隧道的隆起变形,评价不同变形控制措施的实际控制效果,以武汉市轨道交通6号线琴台变电站地下电缆通道工程为例,采用两阶段法计算了基坑开挖影响下下卧盾构隧道的隆起变形,同时采用数值模拟方法对无加固、压力注浆加固、水泥土搅拌桩加固和压力注浆+水泥土搅拌桩综合加固控制措施4种工况下下卧隧道的隆起变形值进行了数值模拟计算,并将数值模拟结果与实际工程监测数据进行了对比分析。结果表明:对于初步预测基坑开挖引起下卧盾构隧道的隆起变形,该理论计算方法可靠、实用;压力注浆+水泥土搅拌桩综合加固控制措施使下卧盾构隧道的隆起变形和横断面收敛变形值分别减小至2.3 mm和0.35 mm,控制效果良好,具有一定的实际推广意义,可为类似工程提供参考。