高层建筑电梯活塞效应及烟气控制分析

在电梯运行活塞效应及其对火灾烟气影响理论分析基础上,分析电梯井和前室加压及压力波动情况;结合高层建筑烟控系统的原理,通过合理的压差设计,可保证电梯系统在最大容许压差和最小容许压差之间正常工作。通过对活塞效应及其对电梯与建筑空间之间压差影响的分析发现,极限状态下烟气可能卷入电梯井和前室,对人员的疏散造成威胁,提出了控制活塞效应影响的上限临界压差。研究表明,合理的排气泄压系统、气压式挡烟系统、可变送风系统及火灾层带通风排烟设施的系统等均能对火灾烟气进行有效控制,提高电梯疏散的安全性。研究所得的结论为火灾中利用电梯进行疏散提供了理论指导及一种烟气控制的方法。     

排烟口布置方式对高层建筑火灾排烟效果的影响

高层建筑发生火灾时,烟气对人员的生命安全有着非常大的威胁,因此有效地控制烟气在建筑物内的扩散对于人员的逃生是非常重要的。通过高层建筑内烟气流动的数学模型,采用k-ε两方程三维紊流模型对高层建筑火灾时排烟口布置于走廊顶棚和走廊侧壁时的机械排烟进行模拟。结果表明,排烟口的布置方式不同对排烟效果的影响很大。排烟口置于顶棚时比排烟口置于侧壁时排烟效率高近10％,走廊内危险性低。在进行排烟设计时应优先考虑将排烟口设置在走廊顶部。     

南京典型古建筑的消防现状调查和消防对策

通过对江苏南京代表性古建筑朝天宫、甘熙故居、鸡鸣寺和净觉寺的实地深入调查,从结构、材料、内容、布局和环境等方面分析了古建筑普遍存在的火灾危险性,考察了古建筑中现代消防设施建设、消防资金投入、消防管理措施和现代消防材料和技术应用的现状,发现多数古建筑在消防防护方面仍处于保守、常规、落后和消极的状态。为实现对古建筑价值的最大限度保护,应从消防安全布局、消防站建设、消防通道设计、消防给水供应、消防通讯保障、消防装备配置等方面进行性能化设计和规划;在遵循“修旧如旧”的修缮和维护原则下,需要勇于尝试和接纳纳米材料等新型化学保护材料和技术。     

建筑火灾增长阶段室内温度的时间特性研究

为研究建筑火灾增长阶段室内温度的时间变化规律,提出了高温烟气的主要几种热损失的计算方法,发展了受火室与未受火室及环境的热平衡方程,并采用牛顿-拉菲尔森法迭代得到受火室的温度变化.计算了慢速、中速、快速、超快速四种火灾增长速率下,受火室气相温度及烟气热损失随时间的变化.本文的研究方法及有关结果可以为建筑防火及安全疏散提供有力依据.     

Planning theories and environmental impact assessment

The limited and sporadic interaction between EIA and planning theory has meant that EIA has largely failed to benefit from planning theory insights and lessons. Obstacles and dilemmas already encountered and addressed in planning theory are still hampering EIA theory building and practice. An overview of the characteristics, strengths, and limitations of five major planning theories—rationalism, pragmatism, socio-ecological idealism (SEI), political-economic mobilization (PEM), and communications and collaboration (CC) is presented in an effort to ameliorate this problem. EIA parallels to each planning theory and lessons for EIA are identified. Also addressed are the application of planning theories to different context types, overlaps, interconnections and middle ground concepts among theories, the integration of values, ethics, and postmodern perspectives and the potential to construct composite theories.     

Photocatalytic degradation of NOx in a pilot street canyon configuration using TiO2-mortar panels

Titanium dioxide is the most important photocatalysts used for purifying applications. If a TiO₂- containing material is left outdoors as a form of flat panels, it is activated by sunlight to remove harmful NOx gases during the day. The photocatalytic efficiency of a TiO₂-treated mortar for removal of NOx was investigated in the frame of this work. For this purpose a fully equipped monitoring system was designed at a pilot site. This system allows the in situ evaluation of the de-polluting properties of a photocatalytic material by taking into account the climatologic phenomena in street canyons, accurate measurements of pollution level and full registration of meteorological data The pilot site involved three artificial canyon streets, a pollution source, continuous NOx measurements inside the canyons and the source as well as background and meteorological measurements. Significant differences on the NOx concentration level were observed between the TiO₂ treated and the reference canyon. NOx values in TiO₂ canyon were 36.7 to 82.0% lower than the ones observed in the reference one. Data arising from this study could be used to assess the impact of the photocatalytic material on the purification of the urban environment.     

Assessment of groundwater contamination by nitrate leaching from intensive vegetable cultivation using geographical information system

This study employed the Geographical Information System (GIS) technology to investigate nitrate contamination of groundwater by agrochemical fertilizers in the Kakamigahara Heights, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. Thematic information and chemical data of groundwater from the Heights were analyzed in a GIS environment to study the extent and variation of nitrate contamination and to establish spatial relationships with responsible land use types. The high and correlated concentrations of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), SO(4)(2-), and NO(3)(-) reflected the polluted nature of the unconfined highly permeable Kakamigahara aquifer. Ninety percent of the water samples showed nitrate concentrations above the human affected value (3 mg/l NO(3)(-)), while more than 30% have exceeded the maximum acceptable level (44 mg/l NO(3)(-)) according to Japan regulations. The spatial analyses indicated that groundwater contamination by nitrate is closely associated with one specific land use class, the "vegetable fields". The nitrate concentration of groundwater under vegetable fields was significantly higher than that under urban land or paddy fields. Most of the unacceptable nitrate levels were encountered in boreholes assigned to "vegetable fields" but a few were also found in boreholes allotted to "urban" class. Therefore, the vegetable fields were considered the principal source of nitrate contamination of groundwater in the Kakamigahara. However, contamination from urban sources is also possible.     

工业厂房自然通风的数值模拟及结构改进

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术(方法)对某钢铁厂房的自然通风过程进行数值模拟研究。采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型及DO辐射模型对该工业厂房的流场和温度场进行了数值计算,其计算结果与文献中实验值的对比吻合很好。在该基础上,进一步对热源分布和进风口、天窗排风口结构对自然通风效果的影响做了计算,结果表明:适当的减小排风口高度以及缩短生产线热源的间距等能够在一定程度上改善自然通风的效果。研究成果为工业厂房自然通风系统的设计提供了理论参考依据。     

论现代设计材料与环境的和谐

论述了艺术设计的思维方式、新材料的具体运用以及如何使新材料的设计与环境达到和谐统一.这种统一是人文与自然的统一,是现代艺术设计新材料与自然环境的高度和谐.     

金华生态建筑的设计

金华生态建筑是自身良性循环的绿色建筑物,有3个特点,即屋顶覆土种植或养殖或设太阳能装置,地下设有以净化生活污水为主要目的沼气净化池,墙体垂直绿化,这三者缺不一可,但可单项利用,它有节土,节水,节能和经济,环境,社会产益协调统一这两大优点。