成都地区室内环境氡浓度和g辐射水平调查

采用固体核径迹法和热释光剂量计,对成都市不同建造年代、建筑类型、建筑结构、建筑材料以及楼层的100间居室进行了室内环境氡浓度和辐射水平的测量.调查结果表明:成都市居室环境中氡浓度范围为(8.4~177.1)Bq/m3,算术平均值为(39.5±22.9)Bq/m3,低于世界平均水平;辐射水平的范围为(74.7~164.7)nSv/h,算术平均值为(122.0±16.2)nSv/h,与室内氡浓度无相关性.不同建筑年代、建筑类型、建筑楼层和建筑材料的房屋室内环境氡浓度水平有显著差异.室内环境氡及其子体和辐射照射所致公众的平均年有效剂量分别为0.99mSv和0.85mSv.     

Evaluation of zeolite-sand mixtures as reactive materials protecting groundwater at waste disposal sites

To recognize properties of a mixture of Vistula sand (medium sand acc. to USCS) with Slovak zeolite as reactive materials suitable for permeable reactive barriers proposed for protection of groundwater environment in vicinity of old landfills comprehensive laboratory investigations were performed. The present study investigates the removal of contaminants specific for landfill leachates onto zeolite-sand mixtures containing 20%, 50% and 80% of zeolite (ZS20, ZS50 and ZS80). Taking into account the results of batch tests it was concluded that the Langmuir isotherm best fitted the data. It was observed that the presence of ammonium, calcium and magnesium decreases the removal efficiency of copper by 32%. Column tests of contaminant migration through the attenuation zone of the reactive materials were interpreted using the software package CXTFIT, which solves a one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation. Column test results also indicate the strong influence of the presence of interfering substances on copper immobilisation; dynamic sorption capacities decrees twofold. Throughout the landfill leachate flow through ZS80 sample, a constant reduction of NH+4 (at 100%), K+ (at 93%) and Fe total (at an average of 86%) were observed. There was no reduction in chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand.     

步兵轻武器新型夜瞄复合荧光材料耐腐蚀性能研究

采用自制的复合荧光粉体和化学载体成分,研制出一种步兵轻武器新型夜瞄复合荧光材料。采用酸溶液、碱溶液和盐溶液浸泡腐蚀的方法,研究了针对有关武器表面处理的酸性和碱性环境以及海水浸泡环境下材料的耐腐蚀性能。试验结果表明,研制的新材料具有良好的耐酸、耐碱、耐盐腐蚀性能,可满足步兵轻武器夜间瞄准需求。     

Efficient nitrogen doped porous carbonaceous CO2 adsorbents based on lotus leaf

In this work, the waste biomass lotus leaf was converted into N-doped porous carbonaceous CO₂ adsorbents. The synthesis process includes carbonization of lotus leaf, melamine post-treatment and KOH activation. For the resultant sorbents, high nitrogen content can be contained due to the melamine modification and advanced porous structure were formed by KOH etching. These samples were carefully characterized by different techniques and their CO₂ adsorption properties were investigated in detail. These sorbents hold good CO₂ adsorption abilities, up to 3.87 and 5.89 mmol/g at 25 and 0°C under 1 bar, respectively. By thorough investigation, the combined interplay of N content and narrow microporous volume was found to be responsible for the CO₂ uptake for this series of sorbents. Together with the high CO₂ adsorption abilities, these carbons also display excellent reversibility, high CO₂/N₂ selectivity, applicable heat of adsorption, fast CO₂ adsorption kinetics and good dynamic CO₂ adsorption capacity. This study reveals a universal method of obtaining N-doped porous carbonaceous sorbents from leaves. The low cost of raw materials accompanied by easy synthesis procedure disclose the enormous potential of leaves-based carbons in CO₂ capture as well as many other applications.     

基于系统动力学的建筑施工安全系统脆弱性仿真分析

为系统分析建筑施工安全系统脆弱性的影响机理,首先探讨了社会技术系统理论下各子系统影响因素之间的高接触与紧耦合性的特点;然后以脆弱性理论为切入点,建立了建筑施工安全系统脆弱性的系统动力学仿真模型,采用三角模糊数和层次分析法确定了模型中各影响因素的权重系数和相关方程参数;最后通过考虑不同子系统的投入方案对建筑施工安全系统脆弱性的暴露度、敏感度和适应度的影响程度进行仿真分析。结果表明:建筑施工安全系统具有脆弱倾向性;个人子系统、技术子系统和组织管理子系统分别对降低安全系统暴露度、敏感度和提高安全系统适应度有显著的作用,在整个仿真周期内各子系统每单位投入产生的变化幅度分别为17.07%、11.13%和15.60%,并围绕起关键作用的子系统提出了针对性建议,以期降低建筑施工安全系统的脆弱性风险,提高工程安全管理水平。     

基于数智化生产线的木质建材生产碳排放评估

为研究数智化生产线的木质建材碳排放特征,为减碳策略提供底层数据支撑,对某数智化工厂生产的地板、木门和门套进行了基于生命周期评价的碳排放核算,其单位质量碳足迹分别为1.21,1.26和0.47kgCO₂e/kg,地板和木门的碳排放强度均高于同类产品.材料和制造过程是木质建材产品的主要碳排放来源,分别占产品总碳排的54.74%~77.47%和18.57%~38.94%;运输阶段和废气处理阶段碳排放之和均低于碳排放总量的9%.基于蒙特卡洛模拟的不确定性分析表明本研究结果具有较高精准度.数智化工厂未来可考虑从甄选低碳原材料、优化产品设计、提升设备能源效率、扩大清洁能源比例等方面进一步提升.     

全产业链视角下建筑碳排放路径模拟:基于RICE-LEAP模型

从社会经济活动的角度出发,创新性地构建包含中国终端部门的新型综合评估模型—RICE-LEAP模型,并通过情景设置动态模拟2020~2050年建筑全产业链碳排放的发展路径及其结构性特征.结果表明:①与参考情景相比,考察期内1.5℃情景下中国碳排放总量的额外累计减排量将达到129.74Gt CO₂,而建筑全产业链碳排放的额外累计减排量为57.53Gt CO₂,占比44.28%.②建筑业是典型的“表观低碳、隐含高碳”的行业.建筑业直接碳排放占建筑物化碳排放的比例较小,仅占9.46%~11.75%.③3个动态情景下,建筑物化碳排放的下降速率均快于建筑运行碳排放.这是由于建筑物化碳排放主要依赖工业等终端部门的脱碳进程,在实现碳达峰过程中具有先发优势.④现阶段,建筑全产业链能耗仍以煤炭消费为主,但煤炭的消费占比在3个动态情景中均呈现出不同程度的下降,而电力的消费占比则呈现出明显的上升趋势.     

核电材料辐照损伤的多尺度高通量计算模拟

反应堆压力容器用钢等核电材料在持续服役中,由于中子辐照造成其内部缺陷不断累积,致使材料组织结构损伤、性能劣化,对核电安全运行形成潜在威胁。多尺度计算模拟是探索辐照缺陷演化机理的有效手段,结合等效缺陷结构理论,有望实现核电材料服役行为的高效评价与预测。文中综述了多尺度计算模拟在核电材料辐照缺陷演化相关研究领域的进展,并对缺陷结构的多尺度演化本质及相应的多尺度高通量计算模拟方法进行了分析讨论。结果表明,通过缺陷结构特征能量等效传递的方法可以实现从第一性原理计算到缺陷扩散反应动力学等高通量计算模拟的跨尺度耦合;通过多尺度高通量计算模拟得到的缺陷演化热力学和动力学数据,可以搭建用于预测核电材料长期服役行为的材料基因工程数据库;在材料缺陷结构特征能量-组织结构-性能关联性探讨基础上,应用高通量计算模拟,辅以高通量实验数据验证,有望建立基于材料基因组结构能的服役安全工程模型。     

VUV/HPW/BMMs体系对全氟辛酸（PFOA）的脱氟研究

采用真空紫外灯(VUV)和双模型介孔材料(BMMs)负载磷钨酸(HPW)催化剂构建光催化体系,探究该体系对水中全氟辛酸(PFOA)的脱氟效果.研究了PFOA初始浓度、HPW/BMMs投加量、初始p H值对体系脱氟的影响,并采用响应曲面法(Response Surface Method,RSM)分析了最佳边界反应条件.结果表明,体系对PFOA具有明显的脱氟效果:脱氟效率随PFOA初始浓度的增大而减小;催化剂投加量为0.2 g·L~(-1),脱氟效率最高达50.2%;体系p H为3~4时,体系脱氟效果显著.基于Box-Behnken响应曲面法,各影响因子对脱氟效率的显著性排序为:p HPFOA初始浓度HPW/BMMs投加量.p H值与HPW/BMMs投加量及初始PFOA浓度交互作用显著,模型回归性良好,最佳运行条件为:p H=3.82,HPW/BMMs投加量为0.3 g·L~(-1),PFOA初始浓度为20 mg·L~(-1),反应4 h的脱氟率达到52.6%,与预测值相比偏差为1.2%.本研究为高效降解全氟化合物提供了新思路.     

Characteristics of biomass ashes from different materials and their ameliorative effects on acid soils

The chemical characteristics, element contents, mineral compositions, and the ameliorative effects on acid soils of five biomass ashes from different materials were analyzed. The chemical properties of the ashes varied depending on the source biomass material. An increase in the concrete shuttering contents in the biomass materials led to higher alkalinity, and higher Ca and Mg levels in biomass ashes, which made them particularly good at ameliorating effects on soil acidity. However, heavy metal contents, such as Cr, Cu, and Zn in the ashes, were relatively high. The incorporation of all ashes increased soil pH, exchangeable base cations, and available phosphorus, but decreased soil exchangeable acidity. The application of the ashes from biomass materials with a high concrete shuttering content increased the soil available heavy metal contents. Therefore, the biomass ashes from wood and crop residues with low concrete contents were the better acid soil amendments.