Pulmonary inflammation induced by office dust and the relation to 1 → 3-β-glucan using different extraction techniques

It is observed that 1?→?3-β-glucan, a major cell wall component of fungi, induces pulmonary inflammation. There is inconsistency in determining the correlation between the levels of glucan measured by current extraction methods and the respiratory inflammation observed in individuals or lab animals exposed to environmental dust samples. The glucan-specific limulus amebocyte lysate (G-LAL) method was used after extraction with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to analyze the glucan content of office dust samples collected from a water-damaged building. C3HeB/FeJ mice, an endotoxin-sensitive strain, were treated with different dust samples (2.5?mg?kg^?1 body weight) or saline (vehicle control) by pharyngeal aspiration. At 1?day after aspiration, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, and lung inflammation and injury were assessed by measuring: (1) neutrophil (PMN) infiltration, (2) inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL12-p70) levels, and (3) albumin and lactate dehydrogenase in recovered BAL fluid. Both DMSO and NaOH extraction increased the detection of glucan by approximately 20-fold compared to water extraction. However, only the DMSO extraction method showed a statistically significant positive correlation between 1?→?3-β-glucan and albumin levels, total numbers of BAL, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) cells recovered, levels of TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6. In conclusion, 1?→?3-β-glucan is a potent inflammatory agent in dust samples and DMSO extraction for glucan analysis may prove useful in understanding the impact of environmental contamination by glucans on lung disease.     

Accounting for Cadmium: Tracking Emissions of Cadmium From the Global Economy

This paper examines the flow of cadmium through the global economy, with the aim of quantifying emissions of cadmium into the environment as a result of anthropogenic activities. First, a materials balance methodology is presented as the most appropriate means of assessing cadmium emissions from a wide range of anthropogenic sources. This is then applied to the best available data, from a variety of sources, to arrive at estimated flows of cadmium. Results are presented for 10 geo-political world regions and for a range of economic activities including non-ferrous metals production, iron and steel production, combustion of fossil fuels, fertilizer manufacture and use, cement production and the manufacture, use and disposal of cadmium containing products. Initially, this analysis partitions the total flow of cadmium into three major categories: atmospheric emissions, water-borne effluents and solid or bulked waste arisings. the paper then suggests a probable further partition of the initial emissions into different environmental media.     

菜籽油直接胺解法制备咪唑啉衍生物的缓蚀性能研究

为了降低原料成本,减少三废污染,以菜籽油和羟乙基乙二胺为原料,采用潜溶剂法合成咪唑啉中间体IM-1,再分别与氯化苄和氨基磺酸进行改性,得到阳离子咪唑啉衍生物IM-2和两性咪唑啉衍生物IM-3。应用红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对合成产物进行鉴定。从中优选出1种与助剂KI(20∶1)复配,得到复配缓蚀体系IM-4。利用挂片法评价了该复配体系IM-4的缓蚀性能,并探究了其在A3钢表面的成膜性能。利用扫描电镜观察了加入IM-4前后A3钢的表面形貌,并与常用缓蚀剂进行了缓蚀性能的比较。结果表明,该缓蚀体系IM-4在盐酸溶液中对A3钢具有较强的缓蚀性能,静态缓蚀率为88.62%~98.98%,动态缓蚀率为86.76%~95.85%。     

区域危险品道路运输网络双层反馈规划模型及算法

为通过运输网络规划方式降低区域路网危险品运输风险,根据危险品道路运输网络规划中存在监管者路网规划和运输者路线选择的双层约束特征,在假设监管者网络规划目的为总运输风险最小,运输者选线目的为总运输成本最小的基础上,建立区域危险品道路运输网络双层规划模型。进一步提出能求解得到稳定运输网络的双层反馈式算法,即在传统模型算法中增加稳定性检验和反馈调整算法,进而保证运输者在监管者规划路网中所选路线运输成本最小的同时运输风险也尽可能小。最后,通过实例分析检验模型和算法的有效性。计算结果显示,反馈式算法求得的运输网络更稳定,总运输风险值也比传统模式和算法的低。     

网状铝合金抑爆材料抑爆性能研究

为评价网状铝合金材料的阻隔防爆性能,基于多孔材料的阻隔防爆机理,采用抑爆材料抑爆性能测试装置和可燃气体爆炸箱及高速摄像机,研究材料在不同填充密度、不同留空率下对液化石油气的燃爆压力的影响,及液化石油气火焰在填充材料的爆炸箱中的传播过程。试验结果表明:填充密度为35 kg/m3、留空率为5%时,材料抑爆性能最好;当抑爆材料在容器内的填充密度一定时,其燃爆压力随留空率增加而增加;与未填充材料相比,填充材料后火焰衰减;此外,得到填充密度、留空率和燃爆压力间的数学拟合公式。降低留空率、增加填充密度能够更好地提高阻隔防爆性能。     

防刺防弹复合材料的技术状况探讨

本文论述了防弹防刺复合材料的国内外发展状况、目前国内外所普遍采用的防刺防弹材料状况、防弹防刺复合材料所采用的材料状况、防弹防刺复合材料工艺状况、防弹防刺复合材料结构状况、防弹防刺复合材料的测试技术状况、防弹防刺复合材料的性能状况。     

可燃装修材料的燃烧温度场数值模拟分析

为研究室内可燃装修材料的耐高温及燃烧特性,该文用火灾动力学模拟软件Fire DynamicSimulator(FDS)对火灾实际场景的温度场进行数值模拟分析。对热释放速率曲线进行拟合分析,发现火灾发展初期是由一个慢速增长火和一个超快速增长火两个阶段组成。比较温度场的模拟结果与实际场景的燃烧图痕,得出火场温度的快速升高源于可燃材料的热释放速率和燃料消耗速率快速增加。同时分析了火场中一氧化碳、二氧化碳等有害气体的浓度与燃烧温度场的变化规律,为选择合适的室内装饰材料提供有效的数值参考。     

CFAST在大空间火灾模拟中的应用研究

为了实现区域模拟软件CFAST在大空间火灾模拟中的应用,深入研究多区域模拟的模拟效果,引入了均匀划分和局部加密的两种多区域模拟方法.采用与实验研究相结合的方法,与测量结果对比,发现采用均匀区域划分方法时,在满足CFAST允许的区域总数要求和每个区域符合CFAST推荐的区域尺寸比例的条件下,采用的区域越多,模拟结果越精确;同时,采用在火源附近区域分布密集的局部加密划分方法,模拟效果优于均匀划分方法,烟气层最高温度相对实验测量结果的误差仅为4.3％,更接近实际.     

基于属性识别模型的建筑物火灾危险性评价

建筑物是一个集人员与财产于一体的系统,一旦发生火灾,后果不堪设想.利用层次分析法并结合属性识别理论,建立了建筑物火灾危险性的层次-属性识别模型.聘请10位专家对建筑物火灾危险性的评价指标体系的24项指标进行评价,利用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重以计算综合属性测度区间,应用置信度准则和评分准则对建筑物火灾危险性进行属性识别.并对某大学3#教学楼的火灾危险性进行了评价,得出火灾危险性等级为危险性较小,安全性较好,也说明了该建筑物需要进一步采取安全措施,加强安全管理,提高其安全程度,避免火灾事故的发生.     

高层建筑火灾中的安全疏散

高层火灾事故呈明显上升趋势,群死群伤事故时有发生,给国家和人民生命财产造成了极大的损失。叙述了影响人员安全撤离的因素．提出了火场逃生应注意的事项,对人员的高效、安全逃生有一定的指导意义。