基于情景的建筑火灾风险分析方法及CFAST软件应用

提出基于情景的建筑火灾风险分析方法,它通过3个步骤即起火分析、确定未来情景集和确定风险分析结果来计算建筑物火灾风险大小。从一个建筑单体出发,通过过程模拟的手段得到其未来可能会出现的各种"情景",计算各"情景"中的指标,通过综合分析得到风险分析的结果。并通过算例说明了基于情景的火灾风险分析方法的实现过程。最后通过分析北京市近几年的火灾历史数据、设定影响火灾发展的各种因素和CFAST软件模拟的手段,得到建筑火灾年期望损失率作为风险的度量值。     

LDPE/EPDM Multilayer Films Containing Recycled LDPE for Greenhouse Applications

In this paper the reuse of recycled LDPE in combination with the incorporation of EPDM modifier in the production of greenhouse films has been investigated. A three-layer film (60-100-40 micron thickness) containing recycled LDPE in the middle layer and a high UV-stabilized 40-micron outer layer was developed and proven to be commercially successful. Films with 25% and 50% recycled material content were produced. The effect of natural weathering on the film properties over a period of 15 months has been observed. Changes in physical and mechanical property were determined. The addition of EPDM to the raw resin was found to improve the extrudability of the compound and improve the weather resistivity of the film. The EPDM-modified films containing 25% to 50% recycled material retained approximately 95% and 75%, respectively, of their original extensibility after 9 months' exposure to natural weathering. Optimization of EPDM and UV stabilizer concentration was carried out to develop a balanced film with excellent mechanical and physical properties and resistance to weathering conditions. The use of UV stabilizer concentrations slightly higher than commercial practice in the outer layer of the multilayer film can be justified by the cost reduction by the incorporation of recycled LDPE materials.     

活性炭法测定地下建筑中的氡

阐述了氡的来源、在环境中的分布状况及其对人体的危害。用主动式活性炭盒采样和高纯锗探测器伽玛射线谱仪对样品进行测量,具有灵敏度高、精度好、易于操作等特点。     

大型多功能公共建筑低压电气的安全设计

对大型多功能公共建筑的电气设计中的负荷分级、负荷计算、用电计量与电费计收、低压电气主接线形式等几个方面的问题进行了探讨     

城市建筑火灾评价指标及其权重处理

针对城市建筑火灾的危害严重程度,结合建立的城市建筑火灾危险性评价指标体系,运用Fuzzy－AHP法确定了各评估因子的权重,指出了今后的努力方向。     

大型公共建筑物火灾时人员疏散行为规律研究

根据大型公共建筑物建筑结构、人员分布情况及火灾发展的特点 ,笔者首先对建筑物进行空间模化 ,并建立相应的人员疏散行为数学模型。利用关系型数据库技术和 Mapinfo地图信息系统 ,进行大型公共建筑物火灾时人员疏散行为的计算机仿真及实例研究     

高层建筑楼梯与电梯耦合的安全疏散策略研究

人员疏散是高层建筑火灾应急管理中重要问题之一。仅依靠楼梯无法在火灾初期安全快速地大批量疏散人群，必须引入其他疏散途径，才能达到安全疏散的要求，而引入电梯，实现楼梯电梯耦合疏散，成为未来高层建筑火灾垂直疏散的新趋势之一。运用BuildingEXODUS从不同建筑高度、不同人群密度、不同人员类型3个方面，运用楼梯模式、A型Shuttle Floor模式、B型Shuttle Floor模式、Sky Lobby模式4种模式进行模拟，提出每种情况的最优疏散策略。研究结果表明:任何层数的高层建筑都存在1个或数个最佳分离楼层使楼梯电梯耦合疏散的效率最高；在运用楼梯以及耦合方案2时，疏散时间与建筑高度呈线性关系，且随着楼层的增高耦合方案2所用疏散时间越来越接近楼梯疏散时间的二分之一；不同人群密度与最佳分离楼层无关；当人员平均疏散能力较高时，最佳分离楼层会上移反之则会下降。     

我国建筑碳排放核算及影响因素研究综述

为给研究建筑领域节能减碳提供参考,简要介绍了碳排放核算的一般性方法,重点阐述了微观单体建筑碳排放和宏观层面建筑物化和运行碳排放核算模型方法的特点以及研究现状,分析了3类主要模型方法(IPAT系列模型、指数分解分析方法和结构分解分析方法)的优缺点及应用情况,并聚焦于建筑领域,综述了建筑碳排放影响因素研究的几个关键问题,即研究范围、研究方法和关键影响因素。最后,从建筑碳排放的核算范围、核算方法、影响因素等方面进行了展望,指出现有研究的不足和未来研究的方向。     

Management of agricultural biomass wastes: Preliminary study on characterization and valorisation in clay matrix bricks

In this work the feasibility of using woody agricultural biomass wastes as grapes and cherries seeds, sawdust, as pore forming agent, and sugar cane ash, as silica precursor, in bricks, were reported.Sawdust and grapes and cherries seeds, thanks to their organic substances content, during their combustion, bring an energetic support in the bricks firing phase and act as pore forming agent. Usually the addition of this kind of waste is limited to 10 wt.% in order to reach an equilibrium between positive (weight and shrinkage decrease and porosity increase) and negative (increase of water absorption and mechanical resistance decrease) effects. The results show that grapes and cherries seeds, added in a percentage of 5 wt.% to a brick formulation, have better influence with respect to the sawdust, maintaining the mechanical properties of the fired brick (950 °C), showing modulus of rupture around 21–23 MPa with a weight reduction of 3–10% (respect to the standard one). Regarding the sugar cane ash, the addition of 5 wt.% improves the mechanical properties (modulus of rupture around 27 MPa) and no weight decrease is observed. These results confirmed the role played by this kind of agricultural waste, which thanks to its high silica content (61 wt.%) is capable to demonstrate a filler and plasticity reducing effect on the brick bodies. Tests carried out highlighted that the addition of these by-products (5 wt.%) do not change negatively the main technological properties measured (water absorption, linear shrinkage, flexural resistance, etc.) and permit to hypothesize their use to obtain bricks with both insulating and higher mechanical properties using a pore agent forming or silica carrier alternative raw materials, respectively.     

建筑节能对建筑能耗的直接经济和环境影响测算模型及其实证分析

当前节能减排是我国各级政府的主要工作任务."十一五"建筑节能目标占社会总节能目标的21%,建筑节能是我国节能工作的重要内容.本研究采用数量经济方法,建立建筑节能对建筑能耗的直接经济和环境影响测算模型.在合理的情景假定下.应用该模型测算,得出结论:"十一五"建筑节能目标的各项分解任务和总的节能任务可在3年内完成.3年中每年的建筑节能量对"十一五"期间平均每年节能任务的贡献率分别是17.28%,34.55%,51.83%.3年中每年因建筑节能而减少的主要污染物的排放量对"十一五"期间平均每年减排任务的贡献率分别是76%,152%和228%.最后提出既有建筑节能改造的节能任务可以适当增加的政策建议.