填料型微生物燃料电池产电特性的研究

将石墨和碳毡作为阳极填料组装成填料型微生物燃料电池,其启动期在1 d左右,低于平板型微生物燃料电池的启动期.碳毡作为填料时,微生物燃料电池的最大产电功率密度为1 502 mW/m2(37.6 W/m3),优于石墨作为填料的MFC.将碳毡与碳纸烧结一体以提高填料型微生物燃料电池阳极的导电性,与平板型微生物燃料电池相比,其面积内阻从0.071 Ω穖2下降到0.051 Ω穖2,最大电流密度从3 000 mA上升到8 000 mA,最大产电功率密度从1 100 mW/m2(27.5 W/m3)上升到2426 mW/m2(60.7W/m3),阳极电势平均下降100 mV.循环流量影响填料型微生物燃料电池的产电能力,当流量低于1 mL/min时,其产电功率密度随流速降低而下降.填料型微生物燃料电池在外电阻为600 Ω下长期稳定运行30 d以上,其库仑效率约为10.6%.     

个性化通风在改善大空间空气质量中的应用

针对某大型超市的空气质量调查结果从健康与舒适性角度提出了个性化通风的必要性,并对个性化通风在开敞大空间中应用的可行性及空气质量改善效果进行了论证。研究结果对于空调通风系统的设计、运行管理以及超市的经营策略的不断完善有一定的借鉴作用。     

再论循环型经济的构建

循环型经济是实现可持续发展的重要手段,是一种体现经济系统生态化的新的经济类型.对循环型经济的历史地位与现实意义进行了简要回顾,基于对社会发展历程中经济主导要素的演替规律和环境-社会系统中两大基本矛盾的分析,阐述了经济发展的生态化与人文化走向.研究认为,由直线型经济向循环型经济转变是由工业文明时代向环境文明时代转变的需要.从物质流和能量流视角分析了循环型经济的主要特点和关键问题,指出循环型经济的关键在于“废物的再利用"成为经济系统的有机组成部分.循环型经济的实质并不在于追求物质的“封闭式"循环利用,而是强调资源利用率及利用效率的提高.探讨了在推进循环型经济发展的实践中政府、企业与公众3种行为的整合原则与方法.      

五氯酚标准样品的研制

五氯酚是美国ＥＰＡ公布的１２９种重点污染物名单以及我国环境优先监测污染物黑名单中的重点污染物,也是环境监测和环境科研工作中的主要对象。本文介绍了这种污染物毒理特性和液体介质标准样品的分析、研究、制备方法。     

改进高氯酸消化HG/AAS测定煤和环境及生物样品中砷和硒

由于硫酸往往含有微量硒杂质,本文改用硫酸钠作扶助剂提高高氯酸（硝酸）常压湿消化的允许消化温度,实现煤和环境及生物样品中有机砷和有机硒的全消化。建立了一个容易操作、重现性好的消化程序。用液氮低温捕集技术提高分析灵敏度。硝酸分解残留物对砷化氢和硒化氢生成过程的干扰,以及盐酸中微量氧化物对Ｓｅ（Ⅵ）还原处理的影响均用盐酸羟氨消除。ＥＤＴＡ可用于消除过渡金属离子对硒化氢生物过程的干扰。测定了多种标准参考物中微量砷和硒,得到与检定值相符合的结果。     

Natural radionuclides distribution and environmental impacts of ferruginous sand-siltstone (raw material) and their manufactured Ahmer oxide used as wall paints

Commercially known Ahmer oxide paints are prepared from raw material mainly composed of red iron oxides (hematite) and iron oxyhydroxides. The raw material used in manufacturing of Ahmer oxide comes from some localities in southwest Sinai such as Abu Thor, Allouga, and El lehian. The adsorption of uranium and other radioelements on iron oxides could make the raw material (red iron oxides) and their products environmentally hazardous. The studied samples were subjected to radiometric analysis using NaI (Tl) gamma-ray spectrometer. The average activity concentration of U, Th, Ra, and K are 108.7, 458.8, 88.8, and 627.5?Bq?kg^?1, respectively in raw material and 136.4, 14.6, 58.3, and 95.9?Bq?kg^?1 in Ahmer oxide. High values of activity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, and ⁴⁰K were recorded in Allouga and El lehian raw material. High radioactivities of Allouga and El lehian raw material are mainly attributed to the presence of torbernite, zircon, and monazite, in addition to adsorbed elemental uranium in Ahmer oxide. absorbed dose rate (D), annual effective dose equivalent, radium equivalent activity (Ra_eq), external hazard index (H_ex), and internal hazard index (H_in), as well as representative gamma index (Iγ) were determined from the activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K. Some of the studied samples do not satisfy the universal standards.     

Sustainable development in East Africa: impact evaluation of regional agricultural development projects in Burundi,Kenya, Rwanda,Tanzania, and Uganda

Investments in agricultural technologies, capacity building and policy harmonization are needed to support sustainable development across Africa. Regional development projects can facilitate the adoption of agricultural technologies and innovations across nation-state borders and generate benefits for shared prosperity. This paper uses panel data from 1,160 smallholder households including beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries from five countries in East Africa - Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. From a pool of over 90 projects implemented over a span of 15 years, 23 regional projects are included in this study. The major economic benefits to smallholder participants are higher crop productivity and income, access to adaptable technologies, access to markets, higher livestock and milk production, gender equality, enhanced food security, resilience and capacity building for uptake and scaling up of future innovation platforms. For example, the adoption of low-cost tissue culture banana by the beneficiaries increased their incomes by 15% in Rwanda while the adoption of appropriate land and water management technologies increased the potato yields from 2.8 tons (USD 2,840/ha) to over 7.5 tons (USD 7,410/ha) in Kenya. The beneficiaries ensured value added to commodities like bananas (for export) and orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (a nutrition-sensitive intervention for enhancing domestic intake of vitamin A) in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda. Additionally, milk production increased from 6 to 11 L per cow per day in Uganda and from 6 to 8 L per cow per day in Tanzania, with increases in sales generating USD 115 per cow per month above the non-beneficiaries. These results are supported by previous studies on technology adoption, investments in agriculture and well-being outcomes. Our findings with the higher farm income Difference-in-Differences (DiD) estimator for the female beneficiaries compared to male beneficiaries might have important implications for investing in regional development projects that will close the gender gap in agricultural productivity in Africa. Regional projects can also support post-conflict development efforts for food security and peace in fragile contexts such as in Burundi. Our findings might serve as an input to the African Union's Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme, localization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals related to food security and agriculture in Africa and an input to monitoring, evaluation and learning.     

北京市综合商务楼宇安全管理问题及对策——以西城区德胜地区为例

作为城市经济发展重要依托的综合商务楼宇在运营中仍旧存在安全风险。基于此,本文运用专家调查法,结合整体分析与比对分析,研究了综合商务楼宇安全管理现状中存在的问题,进而提出综合商务楼宇应进一步完善安全管理工作制度,加强风险监管工作力度,创新高品质安全管理方式及倡导楼宇安全管理行业化等措施,以期为楼宇从源头上进行安全管理提供科学方法和应用参考。     

超市火灾烟气蔓延及人员疏散的模拟研究

针对某大型超市的实际建筑结构以及人员分布情况,利用计算机模拟设定了几种不同情况下的火灾场景,研究了火灾情况下影响人员疏散的因素,并根据烟气运动和人员疏散模拟的结果,对该超市人员疏散楼梯的数量、宽度以及位置分布进行评估.指出了实际超市火灾过程中人员疏散应该注意的一些问题,给出了合理的防火分区划分以及疏散楼梯的分配方式,对超市建筑人员疏散具有一定的指导意义.     

危险品道路运输选线问题分析

从运输网、运输危险源、影响区域3方面提出了危险品道路运输风险分析的框架.将道路固有特征、气象条件、交通状况和人口密度分布等风险减缓或扩大因素划分为8类,重点讨论了主要路线的自变量和因变量因素.采用双层选线管理模式,深入分析了最小化运输事故概率和暴露人口风险模型.应用权数调整节点标号算法和边线标号算法解决危险品道路运输选线问题.对影响区暴露人口的选取做了深入探讨,考虑了邻接交迭路段暴露人数的误差,对准确计算危险品运输风险有重要价值.