The Vandaclim Simulation Model: A Training Tool for Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment

This paper describes a training course on climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment. The course, developed in partnership with the CC:TRAIN Programme of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), aims to enhance the capacity of developing countries to make their national communications to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The paper focuses on a simulation model called VANDACLIM, which was developed as a pedagogical tool to facilitate the training. Four sectors are modelled within VANDACLIM (agriculture, public health, water resources, and coastal zone) and are used as a basis for helping to conduct an integrated, multi-sectoral assessment for the imaginary, sub-tropical country of Vanda. The learning-by-doing approach, encapsulated in the application of VANDACLIM to complete a mini-assessment for Vanda, proved to be very successful when trialled at a training workshop in Zimbabwe. Both the training course and VANDACLIM have been adapted subsequently for application in small island states and plans are underway for extension to other environments and regions of the world.     

建筑消防设施可靠性管理研究现状与思考

建筑消防设施的可靠性管理是可靠性工程、消防安全工程及管理科学技术的交叉应用。不同社会发展环境下,建筑消防设施可靠性管理的数据形态、研究内容和任务要求也不尽相同,其最终目标是提高消防资源的费效比。探索了在缺乏基础可靠性数据的条件下,如何开展建筑消防设施可靠性管理研究。首先,介绍了建筑消防设施可靠性管理的研究现状,从微观、中观和宏观的角度,分析了从生产标准化、设计性能化到运营效能化的演进趋势。其次,基于项目全寿命周期理论,从行业发展的视角,着重对我国建筑消防设施可靠性管理存在的问题进行了分析,指出了应该建立建筑消防设施全寿命周期的可靠性管理体系。最后,总结了研究现状和问题,提出在应用智慧消防构建统一的可靠性数据库、提高复杂建筑消防设施的可靠性及完善运营效能化可靠性管理标准3个方面开展研究,推动我国建筑消防设施可靠性管理水平的不断提升。     

我国古建筑消防法规与技术规范发展现状研究

古建筑火灾会造成重大财产和文化损失,一直是我国消防工作中的重点和难点问题。我国古建筑消防相关法规与技术体系建设起步较晚,发展速度较慢。近年来我国文物保护部门与消防部门加强对古建筑消防法规与技术体系建设,颁布了一系列法规与规范,为我国古建筑消防事业发展提供了法律和技术依据。本文对我国古建筑火灾特点进行分析,阐述了我国古建筑消防法规与技术规范发展历程,并对其中存在制度单一,灵活性差;发展滞后,内容不完善;体系封闭,社会参与不足等问题进行了分析与探讨,为进一步研究提供了一定的参考价值。     

建筑施工行业特种作业人员安全职业能力倾向研究

职业能力倾向对长期从事职业活动的安全性起着决定性影响。本文通过人员访谈法调查了建筑施工现场145名特种作业人员,并咨询建筑特种作业领域相关专家35名,最终确认了对建筑施工行业特种作业人员安全职业能力倾向最重要的5个影响因素(准确性、注意力、判断力、快速反应能力、稳定性),它们在对特种作业人员的安全职业能力倾向的控制和支配过程中发挥主要作用。     

基于多群组SEM的有感领导对群体不安全行为影响研究

为了研究有感领导对建筑施工不同经验工人群体不安全行为的影响,采用问卷调查方法,以群体安全氛围为中介变量,建立了多群组结构方程模型(SEM),并运用AMOS软件分析了有感领导核心四要素(能见度、关系、对工作团体的投入、主动管理)对群体不安全行为的影响及路径系数。结果表明:有感领导对经验缺乏的新工人群体的影响均大于老工人群体;对新工人群体,能见度和主动管理对其不安全行为影响较大,路径系数分别为0.654和0.639;而对老工人群体,关系和对工作团体的投入对其影响较大,路径系数分别为0.577和0.561。因此,在实施有感领导管理时,面对不同经验工人群体,应该因人而宜,以实现更加有效的管理。     

不同生物质制备的生物炭对菲的吸附特性研究

以不同来源的生物质(荔枝树枝、小麦和水稻秸秆)为原料,在限氧条件下制备生物炭,对其进行表征,并进行吸附实验研究生物炭对菲的吸附特性。结果表明:生物炭的结构和理化性质随着生物质来源和热解温度的不同而呈现出明显的差异;荔枝树枝生物炭对菲的吸附能力(qe)和吸附亲和力(Koc)要明显大于小麦秸秆和水稻秸秆制备所得的生物炭,说明木本植物来源的生物炭与草本植物来源的生物炭在结构性质上有着明显的差异;不同温度(300,400,500,600℃)制备的荔枝树枝生物炭对菲的吸附研究表明,随着热解温度的升高,生物炭对菲的吸附能力(qe)和吸附亲和力(Koc)明显增强,吸附等温线的线性程度降低。生物炭吸附菲的可能机制有疏水效应、孔隙填充效应以及π-π共轭反应等。     

产品电子元器件封装及加固技术

为保证电子器件的环境适应性和可靠性要求,在传统"三防"的基础上,着重论述了产品电子元器件的封装、加固技术。方法介绍了常用的封装加固材料的性能,针对不同的器件,规定了封装加固工艺流程,其中针对导引头提出了两种封装材料,其耐冲击指标达到8×103g~20×103g。为三防设计及选材提供了依据,对工艺防护提供了实际经验和技术要求,从而避免缺陷导致的质量问题。电子元器件封装加固技术,能够提高电子产品的防护性能,具有一定指导作用。     

Thermal energy storage and thermodynamic properties of (E)-3-m-tolylbut-2-enoic acid as a medium temperature phase change material

Phase change materials (PCMs) that can store and release heat energy over the temperature range from 363 to 393 K are crucial for solar absorption cooling, and it is worthy to seek new solid-liquid PCMs candidates that melt and crystallize in this temperature range. In this paper, (E)-3-m-tolylbut-2-enoic acid (mTBEA) was applied as a PCM candidate. Its thermal energy storage properties and thermal stability were systematically investigated. The results showed that mTBEA melted at 382.9 ± 0.5 K and crystallized at about 364 K, with a melting enthalpy (Δ_fusH) of 138.4 ± 6.9 J g^?1 and showed good long-term cyclic stability and thermal stability. The supercooling of mTBEA was stabilized at about 20 K, indicating that the conservation condition of melted mTBEA could be simple. In addition, the melted mTBEA could release all the absorbed thermal energy upon crystallizing. Besides, mTBEA exhibited good thermal stability for it to be applied as PCM. Hence, mTBEA is a promising PCM candidate for solar absorption cooling. Furthermore, the heat capacity of mTBEA was measured by modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC) over the temperature range from 198.15 to 431.15 K, and the molar thermodynamic functions, [H_T-H_298.15]_m and [S_T-S_298.15]_m, were calculated based on the fitted molar heat capacity data.     

Development of a 3D risk analysis technique for fire disaster and its application on accident simulation of a public site

In this research, we constructed a three-dimensional fire risk analysis technique (3D-FRAT) for common building fires. To demonstrate its effect, the 3D-FRAT employed a self-developed 3D risk-calculating module in combination with the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software to simulate the Welcome Restaurant accident that happened on February 15, 1995 in Taichung City, Taiwan. This study only focuses on thermal radiation and provide a preliminary method to quantify a fire risk. Different firefighting equipment that comply with the related building and fire-preventive regulations have been used in the simulations to test their mitigating effectiveness on the accident. The results were shown by animation, 3D pictures, and sliced pictures to facilitate the researchers’ understanding of human hazards caused by thermal radiation or smoke in a specific fire accident. The minimal personnel escaping times for different hazardous factors were estimated; various firefighting designs that can reduce loss of human life and property were also perused. According to the simulation results, the individual risk values in Welcome Restaurant were between 3.108 × 10⁻⁹ to 2.719 × 10⁻⁵ (deaths/year). It is foreseeable that the 3D-FRAT can become a useful tool for related organizations to choose better fire-resistant buildings or fire-fighting equipment in the future.     

Treatment of tunnel wash waters - experiments with organic sorbent materials. Part I: Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nonpolar oil

Tunnel wash waters characterize all waters that run off after washing procedures of tunnels are performed. These waters represent a wide spectrum of organic and inorganic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toxic metals. Removal of such contaminants from water runoff was investigated using laboratory tests after washing procedure was performed on two road tunnels in eastern Norway (Hanekleiv and Bragernes). Due to diverse character of both, treatment media and treated wash waters, the whole investigation was divided into two separate laboratory experiments. The treatment efficiencies were established based on the levels of concentrations and reductions of the measured contaminants in the effluents released from the tested media. In the first part of the article, the contents of nonpolar oil (NPO), 16 individual PAHs, and total PAHs (∑PAH16) are described. This part revealed that the combination of two organic sorbent materials provided the highest treatment efficiency for wash waters released from the road tunnel and from electrostatic filters. The greatest reduction levels reached 97.6% for NPO, 97.2% for benzo[a]pyrene, and 96.5% for the total PAHs. In the second part of the article, the concentrations and the removal rates of toxic metals are reported