基于核密度估计的清代中国自然灾害时空分布特征

基于《清史·灾赈志》中的历史灾害信息,提取清代（1644-1911年）自然灾害共24 537县次,重建逐年灾害频次序列,以核密度估计法对5类主要灾害（水灾、旱灾、蝗灾、疫灾、冷害）的空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明:清代自然灾害频次序列没有明显的趋势性特征,而体现为阶段性波动,基于灾害频次30年滑动平均值可提取出4个峰值时段（1644-1673、1721-1750、1812-1841和1872-1901年）;相比于现代,清代灾害类型更加集中在农业灾害,最为多发的是水灾和旱灾,合计占总数的近80%,其次是蝗灾、疫灾和冷害;灾害最为多发的高风险区分布在黄淮海平原和长江三角洲,前者集中了水灾、旱灾、蝗灾的极端多发区,后者除了水旱多发,还是疫灾和冷害的极端多发区; 4个峰值时段的灾种类型组合和灾害多发区均有明显差异,时空变化受到致灾因子、暴露度和脆弱性因素的共同作用。上述工作有助于更好地认识历史灾害发生规律,对于当前及未来的防灾减灾工作具有重要参考价值。     

Numerical simulation of far-field blast loads arising from large TNT equivalent explosives

Large TNT equivalent explosions usually arise from accidents occurring during the transportation, storage, and manufacturing of chemicals relevant to process industries. The blast wave generated by the explosion will spread and interact with the surrounding factories and storehouses, damaging the building structures within several kilometers and causing significant casualties and property losses. This study aims to develop an efficient numerical simulation method to predict blast loads to estimate the consequences of accidents involving far-field free air bursts or surface burst explosions. Before its interaction with the interested target, a blast wave is generated in the numerical model by specifying the initial and boundary conditions of the disturbed air. Based on empirical data of incident overpressure, an explicit formula to calculate the air particle velocity is derived from the governing equations of a perfect inviscid gas. A simplified path line method is proposed to calculate the air density. The proposed method is applied to the LS-DYNA CESE solver to simulate the blast loads on building structures in the far field. Validations against empirical data and experiments indicate that the proposed method is sufficiently accurate for engineering applications and, through a case study, presents a more efficient performance than the LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED (LBE) and mapping methods.     

升流式生物催化电解反应器(UBER)处理硝基苯废水试验研究

升流式生物催化电解反应器(UBER)是一种将生物方法与电化学相结合的新型废水处理技术,使用UBER降解硝基芳香烃类化合物,不但处理周期短、效率高,而且成本低,占地面积小。通过UBER处理含硝基苯模拟废水,对生物催化电解技术的原理进行讨论,并探索最佳反应条件,为该项技术处理实际废水提供理论依据。考察了进水浓度对硝基苯去除率的影响,同时对阴极催化硝基苯定向还原为苯胺进行探讨,最后分别从外加电压、进水乙酸盐质量浓度及进水p H值3个方面,对UBER还原硝基苯的关键影响因素进行最优试验条件分析。结果表明,UBER可以高效处理硝基苯废水,当硝基苯进水质量浓度为200 mg/L时,去除率可以达到97. 2%,但随进水质量浓度进一步提高至220 mg/L,硝基苯的去除效果不佳,去除率仅为79. 13%。当进水硝基苯质量浓度较低时,苯胺生成率较高,平均值达到91%,随硝基苯进水质量浓度提高,引起阴极电势波动,使得还原反应按照多种途径发生,硝基苯不仅被定向还原为苯胺,还被还原成其他副产物,同时,微生物也可以将部分生成的苯胺进一步氧化利用,造成出水苯胺含量偏低。最优条件试验表明,外加电压在0. 3～0. 5 V,硝基苯的去除率均达到93%以上,此时阳极微生物具有良好的电化学活性,当电压降到0. 2 V时,硝基苯去除率仅为36%,表明外加电压过低会严重影响反应器的稳定运行;将乙酸钠质量浓度从1 000 mg/L逐渐减小,质量浓度降低至700 mg/L时,阳极电位依然保持在-440 m V vs. SCE左右,UBER系统运行稳定,当乙酸钠质量浓度进一步降低,阳极微生物电化学活性逐渐受到抑制;UBER中微生物最佳生长p H值为6～7,当p H值超出这一范围,会影响微生物生长代谢,进而影响硝基苯的去除效果。     

Law of variation for low density polyethylene dust explosion with different inert gases

To reveal the effects of different inert gases on explosion characteristics during low density polyethylene (LDPE) dust explosion and optimize the explosion-proof process, eight N₂ (CO₂)/air mixed inerting conditions were experimentally studied. Typical inerting conditions with 12 L cylindrical explosive tank were used to study the characteristics on the flame propagation. The thermogravimetric analysis with related theories were used to further explain the mechanism and quantities in low density polyethylene (LDPE) dust explosion with different inert gases. The results showed that the reduction of O₂ concentration could effectively delay the progress of flame growth process and weaken the effect of dust combustion reaction. The flame growth process of condition (N₂/air (18% O₂)) was 2.05 times slower than that of the non-inert condition. The explosion strength was obviously reduced, and the characteristic parameters such as explosion pressure and flame propagation speed were also affected by the decrease of O₂ concentration. For LDPE powder, the smaller the median diameter, the greater the explosion intensity and the lower the limiting oxygen content (LOC). The LOC with CO₂ was usually higher than that with N₂ and the effect of CO₂ was significantly better than N₂ in inerting.     

Social and ecological factors affecting paternity allocation in American robins with overlapping broods

Factors that affect extra-pair mating in birds are likely to vary across the breeding season. Changing densities of active nests may alter the opportunities for extra-pair mating, and parental duties may alter a male’s opportunity to guard his mate from extra-pair mating. The latter affects species with multiple broods, where males care for fledglings from first nests while females initiate second nests. We studied a population of multi-brooded American robins (Turdus migratorius) to assess how seasonal changes in nesting density and changes in mate-guarding opportunity influenced paternity patterns over successive breeding attempts. Extra-pair paternity (EPP) occurred in 71.9% of broods and accounted for 48.1% of young. High nesting densities in the study population may explain the high overall rate of EPP, but seasonal variation in breeding density did not explain patterns of EPP among nests. Contrary to the predictions of the mate-guarding hypothesis, EPP did not increase in the second nests that followed successful first nests, and the percentage of extra-pair young in second nests did not decline as the overlap between successive nests increased. The fact that EPP was actually lower when the interval between clutches was shorter suggests that the sooner the males can assume sole care of first broods and allow their mates to renest (indicative of superior paternal quality), the more paternity they realize in the next nest. These results suggest that mate-guarding opportunity does not influence paternity in this population of American robins and that female robins may allocate paternity based on their assessment of male parental performance at first nests.     

Foraging responses of wild house mice to accumulations of conspecific odor as a predation risk

Many predators hunt using the social and waste odors of their prey. It is unknown, however, whether potential prey modify their behavior in response to the risks of predation associated with accumulations of conspecific odor. We examined this question by measuring foraging trade-offs of wild house mice (Mus domesticus) in the field where we increased both predation risk and conspecific odor at artificial food patches in a two-factor design. Mouse giving-up densities (GUDs) were significantly higher in open habitats than in closed habitats but did not differ with the addition of mouse odors. Fine-scale behavioral observations of captive mice confirmed their attraction to the conspecific odor in an enclosure experiment, without any change to the GUD. These results indicate that house mice continue to visit and forage at food patches despite accumulations of predator-attracting odors. This most likely occurs for the social benefits obtained from conspecific odor exploration; however, such behavior may cause mice to become vulnerable to considerable olfactory exploitation by their predators. Future work must therefore focus on how mice trade off the social benefits of investigating odors that also attract their enemies.     

水生态修复对莲花湖底栖动物群落的影响

武汉莲花湖是典型的富营养化城市浅水湖泊．通过对其进行16mo的监测后发现，治理后的小莲花湖比大莲花湖水质有明显改善．监测期间小莲花湖底栖动物密度和生物量均值明显高于大莲花湖，Shannon多样性指数与Margalef多样性指数也高于大莲花湖．将大、小莲花湖的10种环境因子和底栖动物密度进行典型相关分析后，发现总磷、温度、总氮、叶绿素a、氨离子是对底栖动物群落具有显著性影响的环境因子．图8表3参20.     

Fly ash content and distribution in lake sediments around a large power station: inferences from magnetic susceptibility analysis

The bulk magnetic susceptibility of sediments from artificial and natural lakes around a large coal-fired power station in NE Spain has been measured. Higher magnetic susceptibility values are found in lake sediments located SE of the power station. This distribution of susceptibility values is compatible with environmental and meterological studies of emissions from the power station, which indicate a dominant SE plume direction. Mineralogical studies, by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, show that the highest susceptibility values found in the sediments are caused by magnetic iron spinels in the fly ash that is transferred to the environment by the power station particulate emissions. After the quantitative mineralogical studies of fly ash, two different methods of fly ash content determination in the sediments have been devised, showing very similar results. The low background magnetic susceptibility of the sediments in the study area and the high susceptibility resulting from the input of magnetic fly ash particles allows both delimitation of the polluted area around the power station, and quantification of the fly ash input into the natural sediments.     

Density and extra-pair fertilizations in birds: a comparative analysis

Møller and Birkhead (1992, 1993) reported that extra-pair copulations (EPCs) occur more frequently in colonial than dispersed nesting birds. We comprehensively reviewed published data to investigate how breeding density affects extra-pair fertilizations (EPFs). Within species EPFs appeared to increase with density: two of three studies on colonial breeders and six of eight on dispersed nesters showed increases in EPFs with increasing density. However, comparisons among species (n?=?72) revealed no evidence that EPF frequencies correlated with (1) nesting dispersion, (2) local breeding density, or (3) breeding synchrony, even when each of these variables in turn was held constant and phylogenetic relationships were taken into account via contrast analyses. Methodological and biological reasons for the disparity between observational studies of EPCs and molecular genetic analyses of EPFs are discussed.     

沈阳市区大气颗粒物元素组分及其分布

本研究采用美国安德逊五段冲击式采样器进行大气颗粒物采样，用中子活化法进行分析，获得４３种元素质量浓度，并求得各种元素的质量中值直径和几何标准差。