天津市公交站人群PM10暴露研究及PAHs健康风险评估

2012年9月在天津市城市交通密集区(八里台、海光寺公交车站)采集可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品,并对采集的样品进行有机分析.在此基础上,针对公交车站候车的成年人群,应用美国EPA开发的电子数据库IRIS(Integrated Risk Information System),对可吸入颗粒物中的多环芳烃(PAHs)成分进行了健康风险评估.暴露采样的分析结果表明,两车站的PM10暴露浓度均值分别为(279.0±63.7)μg·m-3和(335.0±60.0)μg·m-3,其中的总多环芳烃质量浓度分别为(219.0±98.5)ng·m-3、(171.0±52.7)ng·m-3.多环芳烃致癌健康风险评估结果显示,两站候车人群在候车过程中的致癌风险分别为2.47×10-7、1.75×10-7,低于美国EPA所认可的可接受风险范围(10-6~10-4).     

阻尼技术在客车车内噪声控制中的应用

本文以成都客车厂生产的CDK6964型团体客车为对象,通过对车内声、振动特性的测试和分析,针对该车结构声严重,发动机罩壳隔声能力差等缺陷,主要采取了自由阻尼和约束阻尼改进结构,使该车车内平均噪声级在60km/h匀速下由原来的86.4dB(A)降至改进后的73.2dB(A),取得显著成效。     

Modeling level-of-safety for bus stops in China

Objective: Safety performance at bus stops is generally evaluated by using historical traffic crash data or traffic conflict data. However, in China, it is quite difficult to obtain such data mainly due to the lack of traffic data management and organizational issues. In light of this, the primary objective of this study is to develop a quantitative approach to evaluate bus stop safety performance.

Methods: The concept of level-of-safety for bus stops is introduced and corresponding models are proposed to quantify safety levels, which consider conflict points, traffic factors, geometric characteristics, traffic signs and markings, pavement conditions, and lighting conditions. Principal component analysis and k-means clustering methods were used to model and quantify safety levels for bus stops.

Results: A case study was conducted to show the applicability of the proposed model with data collected from 46 samples for the 7 most common types of bus stops in China, using 32 of the samples for modeling and 14 samples for illustration. Based on the case study, 6 levels of safety for bus stops were defined. Finally, a linear regression analysis between safety levels and the number of traffic conflicts showed that they had a strong relationship (R² value of 0.908).

Conclusions: The results indicated that the method was well validated and could be practically used for the analysis and evaluation of bus stop safety in China. The proposed model was relatively easy to implement without the requirement of traffic crash data and/or traffic conflict data. In addition, with the proposed method, it was feasible to evaluate countermeasures to improve bus stop safety (e.g., exclusive bus lanes).     

国Ⅳ天然气公交车实际道路颗粒物排放特性

采用车载排放测试系统对国Ⅳ天然气公交车进行了实际道路排放测试,研究其颗粒物排放特征及粒径分布随车速、加速度及比功率的变化规律.结果表明,天然气公交车的颗粒物数量和质量排放率随车速的增加均逐渐升高,而排放因子均逐渐减小;怠速、低速、中速和高速工况下颗粒数量浓度均呈多峰对数分布,核态颗粒数在总颗粒数中占大多数比例.随加速度的增大,颗粒物排放率逐渐升高;快加速工况颗粒物排放率明显高于匀速和慢减速工况,而后二者之间相差不大.颗粒物的高排放集中在高车辆比功率(VSP)区间内,并随VSP绝对值的增大逐渐升高.     

Safer Truck Front Design for Pedestrian Impacts*

Truck and bus frontal impacts account for a major proportion of pedestrian fatalities in many less motorized countries. To understand this phenomenon, we have collected injury data on pedestrian impacts with buses and trucks and performed computer simulations to identify critical design parameters at 15–45 km/h impact velocities for further investigation. A male dummy which was scaled to fifty percentile Indian dimensions has been used for simulations using MADYMO. Bumper height, bumper offset and grille inclination affect the pelvis and thorax forces and Head Injury Criterion values critically. Bumper width has less effect. Simulations were performed to optimize for the above–mentioned three parameters. Changes in front geometric parameters reduce injury to the upper body and head below safety limits for the existing force–displacement properties but do not affect leg injuries significantly. Hence bumpers need to be made less stiff. Injury data shows that pedestrians also sustain tibia fractures in bus/truck impacts in apparent low velocity impacts. The computer modeling does not offer adequate explanation for this phenomenon. These simulations confirm that it is theoretically possible to make truck/bus fronts safer for pedestrians in impacts up to 35 km/h.     

以公交车为平台的应急医疗救援车辆快速改装研究

针对社会公共突发事件造成的创伤特点，以现有灾害和恐怖活动快速医学救援为侧重点，提出临时快速改装以公交车辆为平台的系列现场伤员救治与抢运装备的设想，并详细分析了建立公交车机动医院的必要性和可行性。公交车机动医院的实施将对未来我国处理公共突发事件提供新的应对措施。     

Lon Works现场总线测控系统的本质安全设计

针对LonWorks现场总线测控系统的本质安全 (即本安 )设计问题 ,介绍了MTL公司的本质安全部件 ,提出了本安节点的设计方法 ,分析了本安节点的最大可用电流与电缆长度之间的关系 ,并就IS— 78本安网段与安全区网络的连接进行了探讨     

大型城市客车加速模拟工况排放特性的实验研究

通过对258辆大型城市客车进行加速模拟工况排放测试,研究了城市客车的排放特性,比较了压缩天然气(CNG)车辆与汽油车辆的排放特性,分析了车辆车龄与排放的关系、发动机燃油供给方式与排放的关系,以及车辆总质量与排放的关系。研究结果表明：燃用CNG的车辆其CO、NOx排放较汽油低许多,尤其是CO,但HC排放较汽油高;电喷车辆的CO、NOx排放比化油器车低,但HC排放值高于化油器车;车龄增长,车辆的CO、NOx排放值增大,但HC变化不明显;车辆总质量增加,排放呈下降趋势。     

基于DOC+CDPF技术的公交车燃用生物柴油气态物道路排放特性

基于OBS-2200车载排放检测系统,试验研究并分析了催化型连续再生颗粒捕集器(DOC+CDPF)及生物柴油混合燃料B20(生物柴油体积占比20%)对国Ⅲ柴油公交车瞬态工况和稳态工况下气态物道路排放特性的影响.结果表明相较于B0(纯柴油),B20的一氧化碳(CO)、总碳氢化合物(THC)平均排放率偏低,其中,稳态工况下降幅分别为26.43%、10.44%,瞬态工况下降幅分别为22.78%、4.95%;二氧化碳(CO_2)和氮氧化物(NO_x)平均排放率偏高,其中,稳态工况下分别上升8.41%和8.26%,瞬态工况下分别上升7.15%、9.13%.相较于B0,DOC+CDPF对B20的CO和THC净化效果更为显著,其中,稳态工况下降幅分别达60.58%和79.92%,瞬态工况下,降幅分别达63.67%和82.57%.DOC+CDPF使用后,CO_2和NO_x的排放率略微下降.     

快速公交车站站台门系统的设置探讨

介绍了快速公交BRT站台半高安全门的设计基本要求及系统的主要构成、运行模式、技术条件并与地铁半高安全门进行了比较,给出了其设计选型的合理建议.