校车儿童安全气囊安全性仿真分析

为提高校车乘员约束系统在正面碰撞中对儿童乘员的保护效果,提出一种新型主动式校车儿童安全气囊。运用多刚体动力学分析软件MADYMO建立包括地板、前后排座椅、安全带与第5百分位女性假人在内的校车乘员正面碰撞仿真模型,通过台车试验结果验证模型的准确性。在此基础上,建立主动式安全气囊模型,研究其对12岁和6岁乘员的保护效果。用正交试验方法,分析气囊设计参数,针对12岁乘员进行气囊优化。结果表明:头部气囊的厚度及排气孔大小对乘员伤害影响最大。与原始约束系统相比,经优化后的气囊使12岁乘员的头部、胸部和颈部伤害分别下降84.5%,19%和84.3%,同时加装气囊对6岁儿童也有一定的保护效果。     

基于APCS-MLR模型的开封市公交站周边灰尘重金属源解析及健康风险评估

为揭示城市交通系统对城市生态环境质量的影响,选择受交通影响扰动较强的环境指示物——公交站地表灰尘作为研究对象,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-ASE）分别测定灰尘中8种重金属（V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb）含量,应用地累积指数和污染负荷指数法分析灰尘重金属的污染程度和空间分布特征,通过定性（相关性分析、主成分分析）和定量[绝对因子得分-多元线性回归模型（APCS-MLR）]相结合的方法开展公交站附近地表灰尘重金属来源探讨,应用克里格空间插值法明晰重金属不同来源的空间分布特征,利用美国环境保护署提出的健康风险评价模型来评价人体健康风险.结果表明,开封市公交站地表灰尘重金属ω（V）、ω（Cr）、ω（Co）、ω（Ni）、ω（Cu）、ω（Zn）、ω（Cd）和ω（Pb）平均值依次为:68.36、59.73、5.81、19.34、40.10、208.32、1.01和49.46 mg·kg^-1,灰尘中重金属（Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr）含量平均值均高于开封市周边灰尘背景值,分别是背景值的3.37、2.70、2.01、1.95和1.28倍;8种重金属的地累积指数顺序为:Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > V > Ni > Co,其中Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb属于轻度污染水平,其他元素为无污染;源解析结果显示,Cr、Co和Ni为自然源元素,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd为交通源元素,V则来源于工业-自然混合源.APCS-MLR结果表明,4种来源的平均贡献率依次为自然源为34.17 %,交通源为29.84 %,工业-自然混合源为14.64 %,未知源为21.35 %,其中交通源贡献率空间分布规律与交通量及公交线路密集度分布趋势一致.由健康风险评价可知,儿童的总致癌风险指数和总非致癌风险指数均高于成人,Cr为主要的非致癌因子,Cd为主要的致癌因子,自然源和交通源分别对非致癌风险和致癌风险的贡献率最高.     

基于CAN总线的智能污水处理集成系统

介绍了利用可编程控制器(PLC)、仪表、CAN总线模块作为前沿智能节点组成的污水处理系统。实现了现场设备和中控微机之间的实时数据传送和分散控制。     

Severity of passenger injuries on public buses: A comparative analysis of collision injuries and non-collision injuries

Introduction: Although public buses have been demonstrated as a relatively safe mode of transport, the number of injuries to public bus passengers is far from negligible. Existing studies of public bus safety have focused primarily on injuries caused by collisions. Surprisingly, limited effort has been devoted to identifying factors that increase the severity of passenger injuries in non-collision incidents. Method: Our study therefore investigated the injury risk of public bus passengers involved in collision incidents and non-collision incidents comparatively, based on a police-reported dataset of 17,383 passengers injured on franchised public buses over a 10-year period in Hong Kong. A random parameters logistic model was established to estimate the likelihood of fatal and severe injuries to passengers as a function of various factors. Results: Our results indicated substantial inconsistences in the effects of risk factors between models of non-collision injuries and collision injuries. The severity of passenger injuries tended to increase significantly when non-collision incidents occurred due to excessive speed of bus drivers, on double-decker buses, in less urbanized areas, in winter, in heavy rains, during daytime, and at night without street lighting. Elderly female passengers were also found more likely to be fatally or severely injured in non-collision incidents if they lost their balance while boarding, alighting from, or standing on a bus. In comparison, the following factors were associated with a greater likelihood of fatal or severe injuries in collision incidents: elderly female passengers, standing passengers who lost balance, buses out of driver control, double-decker buses, collisions with vehicles or objects, and less urbanized areas. Practical Applications: Based on our comparative analysis, more targeted countermeasures, namely “4E” (engineering, enforcement, emergency, and education) and “3A” (awareness, appreciation, and assistance), were recommended to mitigate collision injuries and non-collision injuries to public bus passengers, respectively.     

大客车侧翻过程中约束系统对乘客安全影响*

为研究约束系统对客车侧翻过程中乘客安全的影响,在经过试验验证的某客车侧翻碰撞有限元模型上截取部分车身截段,建立“车身截段-约束系统-乘员”侧翻仿真模型,开展不同约束条件下乘员运动响应和损伤的综合分析及评价。结果表明:满足《客车上部结构强度要求及试验方法》（GB 17578—2013）法规要求的客车在侧翻过程中仍然可能对乘员造成较严重的头部损伤风险;主动预紧安全带能够在侧翻碰撞过程中,有效缓解乘员的头部和颈部损伤程度;胸部损伤值受不同约束系统影响较小。     

国Ⅴ公交车燃用生物柴油的颗粒物碳质组分排放特性

以一辆国Ⅴ柴油公交车为研究对象,在重型底盘测功机上运行中国典型城市公交循环,研究了纯柴油（D100）,体积混合比例分别为5%,10%和20%餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油-柴油混合燃料（即B5,B10,B20）的颗粒物（PM）碳质组分排放特性.结果表明：国Ⅴ柴油公交车尾气颗粒物碳质组分包括有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）,OC占73%~82%,OC的主要组分是OC2和OC3,生物柴油对车辆尾气颗粒物OC组成比例没有影响;随着生物柴油混合比例的增加,公交车尾气颗粒物OC和OC+EC排放呈降低的趋势,EC排放增加,且B10的OC排放较高;PM_0.05~0.1,PM_0.1~0.5,PM_0.5~2.5,PM_2.5~18 4个粒径段颗粒物中,PM_0.1~0.5的OC和EC排放最高,PM_2.5~18的EC排放几乎为零,生物柴油可改善公交车尾气超细颗粒（PM_0.05~0.1）的OC排放,对公交尾气颗粒物EC排放基本没有影响;公交使用生物柴油混合燃料尾气颗粒物OC/EC减小,且PM_0.05~0.1和PM_0.5~2.5OC/EC降低幅度明显,对大气二次气溶胶的影响减弱.     

公交车燃用生物柴油的颗粒物水溶性离子排放

以一辆国Ⅴ柴油公交车为研究对象,在重型底盘测功机上运行中国典型城市公交循环,试验研究了柴油(D100),体积混合比例分别为5％(B5)、10％(B10)和20％(B20)的废食用油制生物柴油—柴油混合燃料的尾气颗粒物水溶性离子(Water soluble ions,WSI)排放特性.结果表明:国Ⅴ柴油公交车尾气颗粒物呈...     

Knowledge-based decision-making model for the management of transit system alternative fuel infrastructures

Energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable public transportation systems are within the solution space provided by alternative fuel vehicles. Given the large revenue service potential of alternative fuel buses within the urban space, they are good candidates for emissions reductions when they are employed as part of a comprehensive urban transit planning process. The determination of the most appropriate alternative fuel bus asset for a given application is not necessarily that straightforward. The typical bus fleet is developed over a broad time horizon with each asset being acquired to meet a certain agency need or to close a perceived gap in the delivery of public transportation service. Therefore, as new assets are considered, it is critical for the fleet manager to consider as many factors of the fleet infrastructure to better ensure the positive impact that the newly acquired asset will have on fleet performance relative to the overall service goals and objectives of the fleet. This study investigates a broad range of alternative fuel bus technologies and the associated factors that will inform the decision-making process. Further, this work utilizes the inventory and understanding of the range of technology factors and leverages the perspective knowledge of industry experts on each of these factors to develop an expert systems decision-making philosophy to aid in the adoption of industry standards, best practices, consistency and sustainability in fleet asset management over time.     

突发公共卫生事件下公交暴露风险辨识方法:以深圳应对新型冠状病毒肺炎为例

为定量评估突发公共卫生事件下的公交暴露风险,基于公交线网、交通分析区及新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情信息等多源数据,考虑公交站点、交通分析区及疫情场所3种研究尺度,集成公交网络结构拓扑模型、公交网络中心性模型及核密度分析等空间分析方法,提出公交暴露风险的多尺度辨识方法,并以深圳市为例进行验证。结果表明:公交站点暴露风险在空间上呈现多中心—圈层结构,较高及高暴露风险站点多为交通枢纽、商场等,占比达26.40%;较高及高暴露风险交通分析区主要分布在工业、商业聚集区及居民点密集区,占比达32.84%;较高及高暴露风险疫情场所主要集中在城市核心区域,占比为28.92%。     

Driver Celeration Behavior and the Prediction of Traffic Accidents

A study was undertaken to investigate whether driver celeration (overall mean speed change) behavior can predict traffic accident involvement. Also, to test whether acceleration, deceleration or the combined celeration measure was the better predictor. Bus driver celeration behavior was measured repeatedly in real traffic, driving en route, and correlated with accidents for which the drivers were deemed at least partly responsible. Correlations around .20 were found in several samples between celeration behavior and culpable accidents for a 2-year period. The results show that although celeration behavior is only semi-stable over time, it predicts with some accuracy individual accident involvement over 2 years. The predictive power of acceleration and deceleration was slightly lower than the combined measure, in accordance with theory. The correlations found were strong enough to warrant the use of celeration behavior as a predictive variable for transportation companies in their safety work.