湖北省土地整治项目碳效应核算及其分析

论文通过构建土地整治项目碳效应分析框架,将土地整治碳效应分为短期碳效应及长期碳效应,其中短期碳效应分为工程施工碳效应及地类转换碳效应,长期碳效应分为农田生态系统固碳效应和农业耕作活动碳效应。以湖北省14个土地整治项目为例,采用碳排放系数法、生态系统类型法等进行整治项目碳效应核算,并计算土地整治项目实施后达到碳平衡所需的时间,对比分析处于不同地貌类型及工程类型区的土地整治项目碳效应及其构成的差异性。研究结果表明：工程施工是土地整治项目碳排放的主要来源,各项目碳排放总量为4 602.00~22 760.81 t,单位面积碳排放为5.18~19.62 t/hm²;地类转换既有碳汇效应,又有碳排放效应;土地整治后,各项目农田生态系统固碳能力增加了412.27~2 794.91 t/a;耕作活动碳排放也较整治前有所增加,增加强度从8.11 t/a至463.76 t/a不等。整治工作后各项目达到碳平衡的时间最少需要2.68 a,最多需要36.66 a。对比分析表明,地形地貌、工程类型虽不是土地整治各类碳效应产生的决定性因素,但却间接地在工程施工难易程度、排灌条件、耕地产能等多方面对土地整治项目区碳效应产生重大影响。     

作业场所个体防护装备信息数据元标准化研究

针对目前我国PPE(个体防护装备)在作业场所的管理存在诸多问题,需要进一步加强对PPE的监管。为了构建PPE在作业场所中安全有效的信息管理平台,因此首要的基础性工作就是对PPE信息进行标准化,本文提出了PPE信息的线面分类,业务流程分析等方法,研究了数据元的标准化过程,结果确立了用户信息、人事信息、PPE信息、选型规则信息作为PPE信息管理平台层级数据元目录,确定了用户编号、地区代码、PPE类别代码、工种等86个数据元,基本涵盖了建立在作业场所中PPE信息平台所需要的数据信息,能为后续建立PPE智能选型数据库平台系统提供理论基础和技术支持。     

污染减排全口径核算中有关统计问题的研究

随着污染减排工作的持续推进,经济和环境容量问题的行业基础统计数据变的越来越重要.以“十二五”污染减排核算细则中纺织业、污水处理厂全口径核算为依据,以泉州石狮市纺织业产品产量、废水排放量、区域GDP数据为基础,分析纺织业产品产量与污染物排放量之间的关系,从国家政策、各级行政统计部门、环保统计部门和企业四个不同的角度提出在统计行业产业基础数据时应注意的事项,为污染减排、环境统计和经济协调发展提供指导依据.     

Emergy evaluation and economic analysis of three wetland fish farming systems in Nansi Lake area,China

Emergy and economic methods were used to evaluate and compare three fish production models, i.e., cage fish farming system, pond intensive fish rearing system and semi-natural extensive pond fish rearing system, in Nansi Lake area in China in the year 2007. The goal of this study was to understand the benefits and driving forces of selected fish production models from ecological and economic points of view. The study considered input structure, production efficiency, environmental impacts, economic viability and sustainability. Results show that the main difference among the three production systems was the emergy cost for fish feed associated with their feeding system, i.e., feeding on natural biomass such as plankton and grass or on commercial feedstock. As indicated by EYR, ELR and ESI, it can be clearly shown that the intensive production model with commercial feed is not a sustainable pattern. However, the point is that more environmentally sound patterns do not seem able to provide a competitive net profit in the short run. The intensive pond fish farming system had a net profit of 2.57E+03 $/ha, much higher than 1.27E+03 $/ha for cage fish farming system and slightly higher than 2.37E+03 $/ha for semi-natural fish farming system. With regard to the drivers of local farmer’s decisions, the accessibility of land for the required use and investment ability determine the farmer’s choice of the production model and the scale of operation, while other factors seem to have little effect. Theoretically, the development of environmentally sustainable production patterns, namely water and land conservation measures, greener feed as well as low waste systems is urgently needed, to keep production activities within the carrying capacity of ecosystems. Coupled emergy and economic analyses can provide better insight into the environmental and economic benefits of fish production systems and help solve the problems encountered during policy making.     

基于低碳发展的企业资源损失定量分析及其应用

低碳经济是企业发展中面临的选择,但目前的研究却缺少企业产品生产过程中的资源消耗与环境影响问题之间的定量分析.另有研究发现,企业处于积极环境行为的第一个层次,即只要企业污染治理水平停留在企业污染治理边际成本和企业污染治理边际收益相等处,企业治理环境就是可以获得收益的,因而,企业有进行降低环境影响的强烈需求.本文运用物质流成本会计(MFCA),从数量与价值角度使企业资源损失定量化,使其损失结构清晰化,因此有利于企业找到损失改善点,促使企业减少资源的初始投入量、提高资源使用率,并降低环境影响.以一个案例进行具体运用,在此基础上,引入外部损害成本原理,通过"资源流内部损失-废弃物外部损害"双重维度分析,使企业资源损失从经济性和环境性方面得到全面体现.本文从微观层面为企业低碳经济发展提供了一个新的研究视角.     

The continued operation of businesses after an earthquake: a case study from Lushan County,China

This study performed a comparative analysis of changes in the operating status of initial surviving disaster‐stricken businesses and non‐disaster‐stricken businesses in Lushan County, China, after a devastating earthquake on 20 April 2013. It used a logistic regression model to explore the key factors associated with ‘post‐disaster continued business operation’ in the long term. Field data were collected from 1,078 businesses and questionnaire data from 263 small businesses between 2013 and 2017. The results indicate that a higher proportion of initial surviving disaster‐stricken businesses than non‐disaster‐stricken businesses managed to remain operational in each observation period. The continued operation of disaster‐stricken businesses after the earthquake was positively associated with the owner's age, previous disaster experience, pre‐disaster financial conditions, closure duration, and borrowing money from family or friends. A negative association was found with the size of the business. The findings serve as a vital reference for strategies to promote post‐disaster continued business operation.     

新形势下环境信息化发展展望

本文围绕推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化,推进生态环境保护体制改革,推进社会信用体系建设的新形势和新要求,分析环境信息化发展的机遇和挑战,研究物联网、云计算、大数据、移动互联等新兴信息技术的发展趋势,提出环境信息化基础设施集约化、环境信息服务一体化、环境业务应用平台化、环境管理决策数据化的发展思路和展望。     

Evaluation of aerial photography for predicting trends in structural attributes of Australian woodland including comparison with ground-based monitoring data

The accurate assessment of trends in the woody structure of savannas has important implications for greenhouse accounting and land-use industries such as pastoralism. Two recent assessments of live woody biomass change from north-east Australian eucalypt woodland between the 1980s and 1990s present divergent results. The first estimate is derived from a network of permanent monitoring plots and the second from woody cover assessments from aerial photography. The differences between the studies are reviewed and include sample density, spatial scale and design. Further analyses targeting potential biases in the indirect aerial photography technique are conducted including a comparison of basal area estimates derived from 28 permanent monitoring sites with basal area estimates derived by the aerial photography technique. It is concluded that the effect of photo-scale; or the failure to include appropriate back-transformation of biomass estimates in the aerial photography study are not likely to have contributed significantly to the discrepancy. However, temporal changes in the structure of woodlands, for example, woodlands maturing from many smaller trees to fewer larger trees or seasonal changes, which affect the relationship between cover and basal area could impact on the detection of trends using the aerial photography technique. It is also possible that issues concerning photo-quality may bias assessments through time, and that the limited sample of the permanent monitoring network may inadequately represent change at regional scales.     

Shorter fries? An alternative policy to support a reduction of nitrogen contamination from agricultural crop production

Feeding the growing population of the world poses significant policy challenges for the sustainability of global ecosystems. A prime example is the degradation of water quality due to the growing imbalance in the terrestrial nitrogen (N) cycle linked to increasing production of reactive N (Nr). Environmental impacts such as groundwater quality degradation and eutrophication of coastal estuaries tend to be local in nature but may be closely connected to global economic factors. Environmental accounting of the N fluxes entering, leaving or remaining in Prince Edward Island (PEI), a small agricultural region, demonstrate the importance of a single industry (potato production) in controlling the local N cycle. The resulting burden of Nr has its most profound effect on groundwater, the sole source of drinking water and the primary pathway of N to the Province's economically and ecologically important estuaries. At the same time, agriculture is a vital part of the local economy, and regulators are faced with the challenge of meeting environmental goals and still maintaining an industry that is competitive and responsive to global market trends. New, innovative policy alternatives are needed to foster more effective implementation of sustainable agricultural practices. An approach that focuses on influencing consumer choices toward more environmentally responsible production practices at the point of origin may help remove some of the important, non-technical barriers to sustainable food production practices. In practice, a system that documents the environmental performance throughout the full supply chain from producer to retailer would have to be implemented.     

Helping small businesses implement toxics use reduction techniques: dry cleaners, auto shops, and floor finishers assisted in creating safer and healthier work places

The Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI), Boston Public Health Commission (BPHC), and Vietnamese American Initiative for Development (Viet-AID) have worked with small business sectors to reduce their use of toxic chemicals. Three cases, described here, in dry cleaning, auto shops and floor finishing share common approaches for creating successful models of effective dissemination of toxics use reduction in small businesses. These include direct business support, peer-to-peer training and promotion of alternatives, and collaborations with stakeholders to achieve greener businesses. These results were achieved despite predictable barriers of lack of resources, suspicion of safer alternatives, and language and cultural barriers.