The Effect of Masterbatch Addition on the Mechanical, Thermal, Optical and Surface Properties of Poly(lactic acid)

There has been considerable interest in the use of the biodegradable polymer poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a replacement for petroleum derived polymers due to ease of processability and its high mechanical strength. Other material properties have however limited its wider application. These include its brittle properties, low impact strength and yellow tint. In an attempt to overcome these drawbacks, PLA was blended with four commercially available additives, commonly known as masterbatches. The effect of the addition of 1.5 wt% of the four masterbatches on the mechanical, thermal, optical and surface properties of the polymer was evaluated. All four masterbatches had a slight negative effect on the tensile strength of PLA (3–5% reduction). There was a four fold increase in impact resistance however with the addition of one of the masterbatches. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that this increase corresponded to a decrease in the polymer crystallinity. However there was an associated increase in polymer haze with the addition of this masterbatch. The clarity of PLA was improved through the addition of an optical brightener masterbatch, but the impact resistance remained low. The glass transition and melting temperatures of PLA were not affected by the addition of the masterbatches, and no change was observed in surface energy. Some delay in PLA degradation, in a PBS degradation medium at 50 °C, was observed due to blending with these masterbatches.     

过氯乙烯滤膜采样-酸消解-钼蓝光度法测定磷酸雾

建立了过氯乙烯滤膜采样 -酸消解 -钼蓝分光光度法测定磷化车间磷酸雾的监测方法。实验室模拟采样的捕集效率为 95 7%～ 99 1 %。单个实验室对含 5μg和 1 5μg样品进行多次测定 ,其相对标准差小于 5% ,样品加标回收率为 98 2 %～ 1 0 0 5% ,方法检测限为 0 0 0 7mg/m3。对标样测定 ,结果均在给定值范围内。用该法与等离子发射光谱法(ICP)对 5个样品进行比对测定 ,结果均令人满意。     

胭脂红酸分光光度法测定废水中硼

用胭脂红酸分光光度法测定废水中的硼,着重进行了方法的条件和干扰试验。方法检测限为0.063mg/L,线性范围为0.21mg/L-1.25mg/L。5个实验室对5.00mg/L硼标准样品测得重复性相对标准差为3．4％,再次性相对标准差为3．6％;相对误差为－0．8％－1．4％,回收率在95．2％－104．6％之间。     

硫氰酸盐-抗坏血酸体系流动注射光度法测定水中钼

建立了水中钼的硫氰酸盐一抗坏血酸体系流动注射分光光度测定法,优化了试验条件。方法在0mg／L～16mg／L范围内线性关系良好,检出限为0．19mg／L,废水样品测定的RSD≤I．6％,加标回收率为96．3％～104％,与国家标准方法的测定结果一致。     

Acid Rain in Downtown São Paulo City, Brazil

During the period from July 2002 to June 2004, the chemical characteristics of the rainwater samples collected in downtown São Paulo were investigated. The analysis of 224 wet-only precipitation samples included pH and electrical conductivity, as well as major ions (Na⁺, $ \rm NH^{ + }_{4} During the period from July 2002 to June 2004, the chemical characteristics of the rainwater samples collected in downtown S?o Paulo were investigated. The analysis of 224 wet-only precipitation samples included pH and electrical conductivity, as well as major ions (Na⁺, , K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, , ) and carboxylic acids (acetic, formic and oxalic) using ion chromatography. The volume weighted mean, VWM, of the anions , and Cl⁻ was, respectively, 20.3, 12.1 and 10.7 μmol l⁻¹. Rainwater in S?o Paulo was acidic, with 55% of the samples exhibiting a pH below 5.6. The VWM of the free H⁺ was 6.27 μmol l⁻¹), corresponding to a pH of 5.20. Ammonia (NH₃), determined as (VWM = 32.8 μmol l⁻¹), was the main acidity neutralizing agent. Considering that the H⁺ ion is the only counter ion produced from the non-sea-salt fraction of the dissociated anions, the contribution of each anion to the free acidity potential has the following profile: (31.1%), (26.0%), CH₃COO⁻ (22.0%), Cl⁻ (13.7%), HCOO⁻ (5.4%) and (1.8%). The precipitation chemistry showed seasonal differences, with higher concentrations of ammonium and calcium during autumn and winter (dry period). The marine contribution was not significant, while the direct vehicular emission showed to be relevant in the ionic composition of precipitation.     

吸收液pH值对锌合金白烟处理效果的影响

为了治理同时含有气态和粒状污染物的锌合金白烟,采用填料塔对其进行洗涤和吸收,考察了吸收液的pH值以及喷淋密度对锌合金白烟处理效果的影响,并根据碱洗和酸洗的特点,考察了碱酸两级处理的效果.结果显示,吸收液的喷淋密度与氯化铵烟尘、氯化氢和氨的处理效率成正比.吸收液的pH值也会影响白烟的处理效果,主要是通过吸收液与污染物之间的化学反应来进行,碱洗时氯化铵烟尘和氯化氢获得了较高的处理效率,但碱洗过程有氨生成,限制其应用;酸洗对氨的处理效率较高,但氯化铵烟尘和氯化氢的处理效率都比较低,达不到国家排放标准.尽管对锌白烟的处理效果还不理想,但试验结果对于锌白烟的治理具有重要的参考价值和指导意义.     

Mechanical Property Characterization of Plasticized Sugar Beet Pulp and Poly(Lactic Acid) Green Composites Using Acoustic Emission and Confocal Microscopy

Sorbitol and glycerol were used to plasticize sugar beet pulp-poly(lactic acid) green composites. The plasticizer was incorporated into sugar beet pulp (SBP) at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% w/w at low temperature and shear and then compounded with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) using twin-screw extrusion and injection molding. The SBP:PLA ratio was maintained at 30:70. As expected, tensile strength decreased by 25% and the elongation increased. Acoustic emission (AE) showed correlated debonding and fracture mechanisms for up to 20% w/w plasticizer and uncorrelated debonding and fracture for 30–40% sorbitol and 30% glycerol content in SBP–PLA composites. All samples had a well dispersed SBP phase with some aggregation in the PLA matrix. However, at 40% glycerol plasticized SBP–PLA composites exhibited unique AE behavior and confocal microscopy revealed the plasticized SBP and PLA formed a co-continuous two phase system.

不同物质对垃圾渗滤液中腐殖酸的吸附研究

垃圾渗滤液是一种有毒有害的高浓度有机废水,其中含大量腐殖酸。腐殖酸具有离子交换能力、吸附能力和脱除杂质能力,因此在很多方面有实用价值。活性碳、土壤、堆肥对废水中的有机物有一定的吸附能力。本文采用正交设计的方法,研究了活性碳、土壤、堆肥在不同温度,液／固,腐殖酸初始浓度的条件下对垃圾渗滤液中腐殖酸的吸附效果。实验结果表明：四种实验因素对吸附剂的吸附能力的影响程度为：吸附剂类型〉腐殖酸的初始浓度〉吸附反应温度〉液固比。在温度为25℃,液固比为50／0．5（mL/g）,腐殖酸初始浓度为41．99（mg／L）,吸附剂类型为活性碳时,腐殖酸吸附量最大,为40．86mg。同时分析了响应指标随因素的变化趋势。     

Biodegradability of Poly (lactic acid), Preparation and Characterization of PLA/Gum Arabic Blends

In this study, the biodegradation of PLA films using microorganisms from Lake Bogoria (Kenya) were investigated. The biodegradation tests done using certain strains of thermophilic bacteria showed faster biodegradation rates and demonstrated temperature dependency. The biodegradation of the PLA films was studied using Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and light microscopy. The biodegradation of PLA was demonstrated by decrease in molecular weight. The preparation and characterization of PLA/Gum Arabic blends were also investigated using DSC, TGA, TMA and NMR. In summary, the results obtained in this research show that PLA films undergo fast biodegradation using thermophiles isolated from Lake Bogoria. The PLA/GA blends studies show it is possible to prepare films of varying hydrophobic–hydrophilic properties for various applications.     

耐热乳杆菌的分离及在食物垃圾乳酸发酵中的应用

食物垃圾在我国城市生活垃圾中占有较大比重.发酵食物垃圾生产乳酸是实现其资源化的有效方法.从厌氧发酵的食物垃圾中分离到一株耐热乳酸菌TY50,根据形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列,确定该菌株属于乳杆菌属的干酪乳杆菌组群(Lactobacillus casei group),其最高生长温度为52℃.TY50发酵食物垃圾生产乳酸的最佳同液比为1:12,最适温度为45 ℃.在pH 5.5～6.0条件下,发酵食物垃圾产生36.29 g/L的乳酸,乳酸体积产牢和转化率(乳峻/垃圾干重)分别达到1.01 g/(L·h)和0.44.