镉对小鼠免疫毒性研究

采用体内试验和体外试验方法,观察氯化镉对小鼠免疫功能的影响。免疫后不同时间,给小鼠一次灌胃30mg/kgCdCl2,未见对免疫功能产生明显影响。反复多次灌胃染毒14天,在0.3mg/ks/d组可见明显抑制小鼠脾淋巴细胞IgM－pFC,抑制率为42.1％。体外试验表明,12.5μmol/LCdCl2与淋巴细胞作用48h,25μmol/LCdCl2作用72h,对淋巴细胞增殖反应抑制率分别为38.3％和77.8％,以上结果表明氟化钢具有明显的免疫毒性。     

液膜富集火焰原子吸收法测定水中痕量镉

研究表面活性剂、流动载体,内相解吸剂、外相酸度、液体石蜡和油内比等因素对分离富集镉的影响,且考察其膜的溶胀程度和破乳难易。确定了Ｓｐａｎ８０－Ｐ２０４－煤油－ＨＣｌ液膜体系的最佳组成及富集条件。分４批处理料液,富集倍数达８０以上．回收率在９７％以上,且选择性好。与火焰ＡＡＳ法组合可测定ｐｐｂ级的镉。本法灵敏度高准确度好。     

环境地球物理方法在地下水污染监测中的应用

环境地球物理方法是近年来用于环境科学的新方法。文中介绍了环境地球物理方法的基本原理,重点讨论了环境地球物理方法在地下水污染监测中的应用、效果及前景。      

Experimental investigation of groundwater contamination by surface sources: Determination of adsorption capacity,diffusion, and sorption potential of selected anions in different soils

The present study investigated the fate and transport of two significant anions through soil to explore their potential as groundwater contaminants. The retention properties of chloride and sulfate in soils having several significantly different characteristics (soil‐1 and soil‐2) were determined using adsorption test and adsorption‐diffusion column experiments. The maximum adsorption capacity of chloride was 3.7 and 1.16 mg/g, respectively, in soil‐1 and soil‐2, with organic matter (OM) content of 3.92% and 4.69%, respectively. The sulfate adsorption obtained was 24.09% and 13.83%, respectively, in the two soils. The anions exhibited monolayer adsorption in the soils with replacement of hydroxyl ions from soils as the major mechanism of adsorption. On the other hand, the adsorption capacities obtained from the adsorption‐diffusion column experiment were about 100 times lower compared to that of the column tests of both of the soils. The maximum adsorption capacity of chloride was 0.03 mg/g and 0.01 mg/g, respectively, in soil‐1 and soil‐2, whereas that of sulfate was 0.04 mg/g and 0.03 mg/g. The empirical relation for depth of penetration (d) from a known spillage onto the soil surface was determined as a function of sorption capacity (S) and initial anion concentration (C) as d = 0.0073e^(?57S)C and d = 0.0038e^(?35S)C for chloride and sulfate, respectively.     

ROLE OF EROSION PROCESSES IN TRANSFER OF RADIONUCLIDES: RESULTS OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS1

ABSTRACT: An experimental one-year fieldwork has been conducted in the vicinity of the Chernobyl NPP, within an agricultural watershed, to study the transfer of radionuclides brought into the environment by the disaster of 1986. Presented are results of observation of the washout of ¹³⁷Cs from the runoff plot both in natural conditions and under artificial rainfalls. Beside traditional hydro-logical methods, new techniques were used allowing to consider microtopographical peculiarities of the runoff plot and their role in the redistribution of radionuclides. The estimate of the annual mass balance for the soil and the radionuclides within the runoff plot has shown that, regardless of significant areal variation of their concentration, the ¹³⁷Cs washout with the solid runoff resulted from artificial rainfalls amounts to some 1 percent of its reserves in the uppermost 5 cm of the topsoil. The same parameter for the natural runoff is lower by an order of magnitude. Both these factors of self-purification are about two times less than natural radioactive decay of ¹³⁷Cs.     

镉和硒染毒对大鼠体内一些营养元素的影响

为了解染毒元素 Cd 和 Se 在生物体内对一些营养元素的影响,采用体内中子活化分析和原子吸收法分析了大鼠被高含量Cd或Se染毒后,不同组合的动物体内这些元素的平均含量的变化．结果表明,高含量 Cd 使大鼠体内N、Ca 、Zn 、Cu 的含量大幅度的降低,而高含量Se使大鼠体内 N、Ca、Zn 、Cu的含量有一定的降低;当高含量的 Cd和 Se 同时在大鼠体内作用时, Se 和 Cd 对 N、Ca 、Zn 、Cu 元素,的毒性作用有相互缓解作用,而Se 和 Cd 对 P、K、Mg 元素毒性却有相互加重作用．     

非饱和土壤轻油污染多相流研究进展

轻油泄漏到地下后 ,在非饱和土壤中水、气、油三相相互作用、相互影响 ,共同构成多相流体系统。在简要分析轻油污染问题的产生、危害以及轻油泄漏在地表以下运移方式的基础上 ,介绍并总结了近些年来国内外土壤轻油污染有关的多相流研究方面的进展 ,包括国外的模型研究成果、国内外试验研究方法和研究成果 ,并指出目前研究中存在的问题和需要进一步探讨的方向     

印度芥菜和油菜互作对各自吸收土壤中难溶态镉的影响

在石灰性土壤加入CdCO3条件下 ,通过温室土培盆栽试验研究印度芥菜和油菜互作对各自吸收土壤中难溶态镉的影响 .试验结果表明 ,印度芥菜和油菜互作时 ,印度芥菜对养分的竞争能力强 ,地上部干重高于单作时的 ;而与之互作的油菜由于根际土壤溶液中的有效态镉含量增加或对养分的竞争能力弱 ,地上部干重低于单作时的 .印度芥菜的根系有很强的活化能力 ,和油菜互作时可提高植物提取修复难溶态镉污染土壤的能力 ,和单作相比 ,互作对印度芥菜吸收镉的能力无显著影响 ,但却可以显著增加油菜植株体内的镉含量 ,在土壤相同镉量的条件下 ,印度芥菜和油菜互作时植株的吸镉量和对土壤的净化率均高于单作     

水样中镉镍的两次双波长分光光度法测定

研究采用两次双波长分光光度法 ,一次采用双峰双波长法 ,一次采用系数补偿法同时测定水样中的镉和镍。实验结果表明 ,以 5 Br PADAP为显色剂 ,镉和镍的最大吸收峰分别为 544 .8nm和 559.2nm ,最小吸收峰均为 430nm ;镉镍的线性范围为 1～ 1 6μg/ 2 5mL。此法的灵敏度同单波长法相比有明显的提高 ,应用于合成和电镀水样中的镉镍的测定 ,均得到了满意的结果。     

石煤开发利用重金属污染现状调查研究

报道了湖南、江西和浙江三省石煤开发利用过程中石煤、石煤渣、碳化砖、石煤烟尘灰、矿区周围土壤、水体和气溶胶部分重金属含量的调查方法和主要结果。调查结果表明：石煤的开采和利用对周围的土壤、水体和空气产生了一定污染,尤其是剧毒物质Cd和As的污染应引起高度重视。