Effects of Cadmium on Nutrient Uptake and Translocation by Indian Mustard

Plants that hyperaccumulate metals are ideal subjects for studying the mechanisms of metal and mineral nutrient uptake in the plant kingdom. Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) has been shown to accumulate moderate levels of Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cu. In this experiment, 10 levels of Cd concentration treatments were imposed by adding 10–190 mg Cd kg^–1 to the soils as cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO₃)₂]. The effect of Cd on phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and the micronutrients iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in B. juncea was studied. Plant growth was affected negatively by Cd, root biomass decreased significantly at 170 mg Cd kg^–1 dry weight soils treatment. Cadmium accumulation both in shoots and roots increased with increasing soil Cd treatments. The highest concentration of Cd was up to 300 mg kg^–1 d.w. in the roots and 160 mg kg^–1 d.w. in the shoots. The nutrients mainly affected by Cd were P, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn in the roots, and P, K, Ca, and Cu in the shoots. K and P concentrations in roots increased significantly when Cd was added at 170 mg kg^–1, and this was almost the same level at which root growth was inhibited. Zn concentrations in roots decreased significantly when added Cd concentration was increased from 50 to 110 mg kg^–1, then remained constant with Cd treatments from 110 to 190 mg kg^–1. However, Zn concentrations in the shoots seemed less affected by Cd. It is possible that Zn uptake was affected by the Cd but not the translocation of Zn within the plant. Ca and Mg accumulation in roots and shoots showed similar trends. This result indicates that Ca and Mg uptake is a non-specific process.     

流动注射在线萃取—火焰原子吸收光谱法测定人发中微量镉和铅

本文建立了一个流动注射在线萃取－火焰原子吸收测定人发中微量镉和铅的方法，对含Ｃｄ和Ｐｂ分别为０．０２μｇ／ｍｌ和０．２０μｇ／ｍｌ的溶液，其相对标准偏差分别为３．４％和３．８％（ｎ＝９），Ｃｄ和Ｐｂ的灵敏度分别提高２１倍和２３倍，分析速度达３６次／ｈ，Ｃｄ和Ｐｂ的回收率分别在８７．３％－９７．０％和９１．９％－１０７．３％之间，文中还详细研究了各种实验参数的选择，测定人发样的结果与文献值相符。     

铜、镉、敌敌畏和甲胺磷对南美白对虾的亚急性毒性作用

在恒温和充气条件下,研究了重金属(铜、镉)和有机磷农药(敌敌畏、甲胺磷)对南美白对虾的亚急性毒性作用及对虾体胆碱酯酶的影响.结果表明:南美白对虾幼虾在各浓度重金属(铜、镉)和有机磷农药(敌敌畏、甲胺磷)试液中经过60d的亚急性中毒试验,除铜在低浓度促进生长外,其他各组体长、体重及蜕皮次数均小于对照组,且随毒物浓度的增加而逐渐降低;有机磷农药对南美白对虾体内胆碱酯酶具有显著影响,虾体内胆碱酯酶含量随水体中有机磷农药浓度的升高而显著降低;重金属对胆碱酯酶也有一定影响,胆碱酯酶随重金属离子浓度升高也有逐渐降低的趋势,但重金属对胆碱酯酶的影响效果没有有机磷农药显著.     

钙锌钾共存对赤红壤镉吸附的影响

采用等温平衡法,测定了钙、钾、锌单一或两两共存下赤红壤镉的吸附量,并应用Freundlich方程log[Cs]=logKf nlog[Ce]分析了土壤镉的吸附特征。结果表明,与钠离子相比,Zn2 ,Ca2 ,K 共存均使赤红壤吸附镉的能力减弱,三种离子对分配系数Kf值的影响程度(设符号为y)的次序为y(Zn2 )y(钙钾)。锌与钙、钾两两共存时,锌对降低赤红壤镉的吸附能力具有决定作用。     

Nickel and Cadmium Concentrations in Plasma and Na+/K+ATPase Activities in Erythrocyte Membranes of the People Exposed to Cement Dust Emissions

The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of nickel and cadmium in blood plasma of the people exposed to cement dust emissions and to investigate the effects of exposure period on the activities of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase enzymes in their erythrocyte membranes. The study was carried out on people living in Eskiehir Çukurhisar rural area, located near a cement factory. Blood samples of the individuals residing in this area were taken from 80subjects (30 for control) following a physical examination. The analysis of plasma samples showed that nickel concentrations in subject group were found to be significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.001). Cadmium concentrations were found to be within the reference values for both group and no difference was found between the subjects and controls (p > 0.05). Furthermore, no correlation was observed between the levels of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activity in erythrocyte membranes of the subject group and the ages of people living in the region (p > 0.05, r = 0.133). It was also observed that nickel concentrations increased by age (p < 0.001, r = 0.646) while no effect was observed in means of cadmium. Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activities in the erythrocyte membranes were not affected.In conclusion although there was no difference between the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activity in means of age, there was an environmental pollution and may be it was due to the industrial plant.     

螯合剂GLDA对象草修复镉污染农田的影响

为探明螯合剂谷氨酸二乙酸四钠(GLDA)对象草修复镉(Cd)污染农田的影响,通过田间小区试验,于60 d内以不同方式(总施加量585、 1 170和2 340 kg·hm~(-2)分别等分为1～4次施加,分2～4次施加的时间间隔分别为30、 20和15 d)向已种植60 d象草的Cd污染农田(总Cd:0.62 mg·kg~(-1))施加GLDA,分析了象草地上部生物量、Cd含量和Cd提取量以及土壤pH和可溶性有机碳(DOC)质量浓度等指标.结果表明,少量且分多次施加GLDA能显著提高象草地上部生物量和Cd含量,其中分施次数和总施加量分别是生物量和Cd含量的关键影响因子; Cd提取量在总施加量585 kg·hm~(-2)分4次施加时最高,为16.78 g·hm~(-2),较CK(不施加GLDA)显著提高275.39%;土壤pH、DOC质量浓度和DTPA-Cd含量与总施加量和分施次数存在显著正相关关系; DOC质量浓度是影响DTPA-Cd含量的主要因素;土壤总Cd含量在总施加量585 kg·hm~(-2)分4次施加时可较种植象草前土壤降低3.23%.因此,在利用象草修复Cd污染农田时,施加GLDA具有重要意义,且需合理选择施加方式.     

耐镉细菌联合电动技术修复镉污染土壤的研究

为提高传统电动技术对重金属污染土壤的修复效果以及经济效益,本研究采用耐镉细菌联合电动修复技术修复镉污染土壤.通过在含镉土壤中接种3种耐镉细菌Escherichia coli strain、Bacillus sp.和Bacillus cereus strain,以电压梯度1 V·cm^-1通电10 d,比较不同耐镉细菌对土壤Cd去除和形态转化,以及电能消耗的影响.结果表明,接种Escherichia coli strain、Bacillus sp.、Bacillus cereus strain的试验组比传统电动修复的Cd去除率分别提高7.63%、17.21%、19.53%;单位修复能耗分别降低64.78、109.52、116.54 kW·min·mg^-1.由于Bacillus cereus strain对Cd²⁺的吸附量高于Escherichia coli strain和Bacillus sp.,且能有效降低土壤中Cd的生物毒性,因此采用Bacillus cereus strain联合电动技术修复镉污染土壤时效果最佳,Cd去除率达到30.77%,单位修复耗能为48.94 kW·min·mg^-1.     

喷施锌肥对油菜镉锌生物可给性的影响

采用溶液培养和体外消化实验,研究不同Zn营养条件下,喷施ZnSO_4和ZnNa_2EDTA对两种油菜Cd、Zn质量分数以及生物可给性的影响,计算人体通过食用油菜摄入Cd、Zn的量,评估喷施Zn肥降低人体Cd摄入提高Zn吸收的潜力.结果表明,正常Zn营养下油菜地上部Cd质量分数显著低于缺Zn条件下,喷施ZnNa_2EDTA显著降低油菜Cd质量分数;正常Zn营养下油菜地上部Zn质量分数显著高于缺Zn条件下,喷施Zn肥可显著提高油菜Zn质量分数,其中喷施ZnSO_4处理效果最佳.正常Zn营养下油菜Cd的生物可给性显著低于缺Zn条件下,喷施Zn肥显著降低油菜Cd在胃阶段的生物可给性,与对照相比最大降幅为35.81%,喷施ZnSO_4显著降低Cd在小肠阶段的可给性,最大降幅为59.24%;喷施Zn肥使油菜Zn在胃和小肠阶段的生物可给性显著低于对照处理,最大降幅为68.90%,其中ZnSO_4降低效果明显强于ZnNa_2EDTA.食用Cd污染的普通油菜寒绿摄入Cd的量超过世界卫生组织推荐的每日耐受值,通过选择低积累油菜华骏或喷施ZnSO_4可以显著减少人体摄入Cd的量,有效降低Cd过量摄入的健康风险;食用未喷施Zn肥或喷施低浓度ZnNa_2EDTA的油菜有Zn摄入不足的风险,而食用喷施ZnSO_4或高浓度ZnNa_2EDTA的油菜可以满足蔬菜膳食Zn摄入的需要,其中喷施ZnSO_4效果更好.总之,喷施Zn肥可显著降低油菜地上部Cd、Zn的生物可给性,有效减少人体食用油菜摄入Cd的量,提高摄入Zn的量,其中喷施ZnSO_4处理的效果最佳.     

电动修复法对土壤中镉的去除及形态转化研究

面对镉污染土壤日益严峻的现象以及各种土壤修复技术存在的不足,采用快速、高效、对环境干扰较小的电动修复法对自制镉含量为200 mg/kg的污染土壤进行修复,在不同电压梯度下对土壤p H值、Cd去除效果进行研究,同时采用BCR法分步提取不同形态的镉,对不同形态镉的迁移转化情况进行分析。实验结果表明,随着电压的增加,土壤中不同形态的镉去除效果明显,在靠近阳极区域去除率达到90%以上,在阴极区域以弱酸提取态为主的镉出现了富集现象。另外,酸性条件有利于不同形态的镉向弱酸提取态转化,有利于提高镉的去除率。     

Fe/SiO_2复合材料的制备及其对Cd~(2+)的吸附

以Na_2SiO_3为原料、聚乙二醇-2000为结构导向剂,采用溶胶-凝胶和高温煅烧两步法制备SiO_2微球,再以其为载体,采用液相还原法负载零价纳米铁,制得Fe/SiO_2复合材料。采用SEM,FTIR,XRD技术对Fe/SiO_2复合材料的形貌结构进行表征,研究了Fe/SiO_2复合材料对Cd~(2+)的吸附性能。表征结果显示,纳米铁以毛绒状负载在SiO_2微球上。实验结果表明,在溶液pH为5、n(SiO_2):n(Fe)=2、老化温度为70℃的最佳工艺条件下制备的Fe/SiO_2复合材料在25℃时处理Cd~(2+)初始质量浓度为35 mg/L的模拟含Cd~(2+)废水,Cd~(2+)吸附容量为28.10 mg/g。Fe/SiO_2复合材料对Cd~(2+)的吸附作用较符合准二级吸附动力学方程,对Cd~(2+)的等温吸附过程更符合Langmuir模型。