碱渣对Cd~(2+)的吸附特性研究

研究了碱渣对溶液中Cd2+的吸附特征。实验结果表明,碱渣对Cd2+的吸附量随温度升高而降低,随Cd2+初始质量浓度增加而增大,随体系pH升高而增大。当体系pH<7.52时,表面吸附起主导作用,吸附作用力主要为偶极间力和氢键力,碱渣对Cd2+的吸附热力学可用Freundlich等温吸附方程较好地描述;而当吸附体系pH>8.00时,吸附作用力主要为化学键力,吸附过程可用Langmuir等温吸附方程较好地描述。当体系pH=7.00时,碱渣对Cd2+的吸附动力学用二级动力学方程拟合效果最佳;当体系pH为8.00和9.01时,用Langmuir动力学方程拟合的效果最佳。     

Removing cadmium from aqueous solutions utilizing agricultural wastes

The purpose of this study was to determine the cadmium (Cd) biosorption capacities of several agricultural wastes from aqueous solutions. Samples were tested unaltered and after hydrochloric acid treatment. Additional parameters tested include sample dose, contact time, particle size, mixing temperature, and the concentrations and pH of the Cd solutions. Desorption studies were performed to determine if the removed Cd could be recovered. In addition, tests were conducted to determine if the agricultural waste samples (AWS) could be reused for additional Cd biosorption cycles. The results of this study demonstrate a wide range of Cd biosorption proficiencies ranging from 33 to 100% removal. The parameters that resulted in higher Cd removal include higher sample dose, higher pH, and lower Cd solution concentration. Desorption results showed a 36–56% Cd recovery rate. Reused AWS were effective at removing Cd during subsequent trials. Therefore, all AWS types tested in this study can be reused for additional Cd biosorption cycles. Hence, it is possible that using AWS for metal treatment could reduce hazardous waste disposal inefficiencies and costs by avoiding disposing of spent AWS following each Cd biosorption cycle.     

Impact of spiked concentrations of Cd,Pb, As and Zn in growth medium on elemental uptake of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

This study is aimed at investigating the impact of water quality on the uptake and distribution of three non-essential and toxic elements, namely, As, Cd and Pb in the watercress plant to assess for metal toxicity. The plant was hydroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions, with the growth medium being spiked with varying concentrations of As, Cd and Pb. Plants that were harvested weekly for elemental analysis showed physiological and morphological symptoms of toxicity on exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Plants exposed to high concentrations of As did not survive and the threshold for As uptake in watercress was established at 5 ppm. Translocation factors were low in all cases as the toxic elements accumulated more in the roots of the plant than the edible leaves. The impact of Zn on the uptake of toxic elements was also evaluated and Zn was found to have an antagonistic effect on uptake of both Cd and Pb with no notable effect on uptake of As. The findings indicate that phytotoxicity or death of the watercress plant would prevent it from being a route of human exposure to high concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the environment.     

利用城市污水厂剩余污泥制备生物炭吸附镉

利用城市污水厂剩余污泥制备生物炭并用于吸附重金属离子Cd2＋,有利于城市污水厂污泥的处置,为污水中重金属的处理与处置和“碳减排”提供新的思路与方法。研究结果表明不同污水厂的污泥的最佳活化温度不同,昆明第一污水处理厂污泥最佳活化温度为300℃,第三、第五污水处理厂污泥为400℃;对于污水厂污泥制备的生物炭对镉的吸附量随着pH值的升高而增加;吸附模型拟和结果表明Freundllch模型在大部分温度下均具有比Iangrmuir模型有更好的相关性。     

聚（丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺）/膨润土/腐植酸钠三维网络凝胶吸附剂对Cd^2＋吸附性能研究

制备了一种聚（丙烯酸-co-丙烯酰胺）/膨润土/腐植酸钠三维网络凝胶吸附剂,重点考察了吸附剂对Cd2＋吸附的pH依赖性、吸附动力学和吸附等温线。结果表明,Cd^2＋溶液pH值对吸附容量有较大影响。在pH=8、吸附时间30 min、Cd^2＋溶液初始浓度0.02 mol/L和吸附剂用量0.10 g的条件下,吸附剂对Cd2＋的饱和吸附量可达294.7 mg/g。与膨润土相比,三维网络凝胶吸附剂具有更高的吸附容量和更快的吸附速率。     

Impact of chronic cadmium exposure at environmental dose on escape behaviour in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.; Teleostei, Moronidae)

The effect of chronic exposure to a low concentration (0.5 microg l(-1)) of cadmium ions was investigated on escape behaviour of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, using video analysis. Observations were also performed on the microanatomy of lateral system neuromasts. When fish were exposed for 4h per day over 8 days to the cadmium ions, most of both types of neuromasts observed remained intact. However, some of them presented damaged sensory maculae. Whereas before cadmium exposure, fish responded positively to nearly all the lateral system stimulations, after exposure they decreased by about 10% their positive responses to stimulations. From the 15th day after the beginning of cadmium exposure, neuromasts presented progressively less damage, cadmium accumulation in gills and scales decreased significantly and fish escape behaviour had recovered. This study presents a new concept in ecotoxicology: using behavioural change to reveal the effects of pollution levels, scarcely detectable by currently used techniques (physiological responses).     

高温堆肥与蚯蚓堆肥对城市污泥重金属形态的影响

采用高温堆肥和蚯蚓堆肥工艺,研究了城市污泥与锯末、粉煤灰或磷矿粉按不同比例混合堆肥前后重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和As）交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残留态的变化。研究表明：高温堆肥和蚯蚓堆肥前后各试验污泥的重金属形态和含量呈现出不同的变化,都可以降低污泥中交换态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和As的含量;对于Cu和Pb,高温堆肥优于蚯蚓堆肥;对于Zn、Cd和As,蚯蚓堆肥优于高温堆肥。2种堆肥方式中,粉煤灰用量为10%的钝化效果优于20%,磷矿粉的钝化效果同粉煤灰一样。     

热锌镀层钼酸盐钝化膜的电子能谱分析

采用电子能谱技术研究了热镀锌钢表面钼酸盐钝化膜的成分、元素价态及厚度.AES分析结果表明,该膜层厚度在50～100 nm之间;XPS分析结果表明,膜层中P和Zn分别以五价和二价形式存在,而Mo在膜表面以六价存在(MoO3或MoO42-),在膜内同时存在六价(MoO3或MoO42-)和四价(MoO(OH)2)两种价态.从AES深度分布曲线的组成恒定区求得各组成元素的相对原子百分浓度为:Zn 15.1%、Mo28.9%、P 12%、O 44%.     

金针菇菌柄非食用部分对镉的生物吸附

采用金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)除去其可食用部分后剩余的废弃部分菌粉作为生物吸附剂吸附Cd2 ,研究金针菇吸附Cd2 的理想条件.试验评价了5个影响因子:样品的不同处理方式,振荡吸附时间,溶液pH值,Cd2 初始浓度和菌粉投加量.结果表明,菌粉颗粒越细,吸附能力越强;振荡时间对吸附的影响不显著;pH值是影响金针菇吸附能力的关键因子,pH值为7时达到最大吸附率(63.1%);吸收60 min时,金针菇对Cd2 的吸附率最高(71.9%);随着溶液初始Cd2 浓度的增加,吸附率降低,但随菌粉生物量的增加,吸附能力上升;当溶液Cd2 的浓度为80 mg·L-1时,最大吸附量达到5.573mg·g-1.可以认为金针菇菌柄非食用部分是一种有效的生物吸附剂.     

微生物菌剂对畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程中重金属钝化与氮转化的影响

本研究探讨了以黄孢原毛平革菌（p）、黑曲霉（a）和地衣芽孢杆菌（b）组合的一系列微生物复合菌剂对猪粪好氧堆肥效果、重金属钝化以及氮转化的影响.研究结果表明,在促进堆肥进程和腐熟程度的效果上,菌剂（b+p+a） > 菌剂（b+p） > 菌剂（p）.当b：p：a=1：5：5时（处理D）,种子发芽率指数（GI）在第16 d即达到80%,且C/N降低至11.4,效果最佳.在重金属钝化方面,钝化效果为：菌剂（p） > 菌剂（b+p+a） > 菌剂（b+p）.重金属Cu和Zn钝化效率在仅添加菌剂（p）时最高,钝化率分别达到69.7%和59.4%.在固氮效果方面,菌剂（b+p） > 菌剂（b+p+a） > 菌剂（p）,当b：p：a=1：8：0时（处理E）,固氮效果最优,与处理B（CK）相比,总氮和有机氮损失分别减少了17.3%和18.5%.由此可见,微生物菌剂配比对猪粪堆肥化进程、重金属钝化和氮素保持等具有重要影响.