贵州牛角塘矿区镉对环境的潜在影响

镉是一种毒性很强的重金属元素,常伴生于铅锌等硫化物矿床中。在这类矿床的开采过程中,镉很容易扩散到周围环境中并造成污染。文章以贵州省都匀地区牛角塘独立镉矿床为例,研究了矿区内水体、土壤、红薯中镉的分布特征,并开展了淋滤实验研究。结果表明:镉已对矿区环境造成了相当严重的污染,镉对该区环境具有巨大的潜在压力。     

芘、镉单一及复合污染胁迫下土壤生态功能稳定性的影响机制

当前我国土壤污染的形势已十分严峻,各种污染物进入土壤导致农产品生态安全问题已不容忽视,土壤污染问题亟待解决.本研究将土壤的抵抗力、恢复力及稳定性作为土壤质量的评价指标,对土壤施加不同含量(含量比)梯度的芘(PYR)、镉(Cd)单一及芘/镉(PYR/Cd)复合污染,分别从微生物活性、多样性和丰富度方面对土壤生态系统进行系统的描述,并构建模型来描述Sb与PYR、Rt与Cd的剂量-效应关系.结果表明,不同类型污染物在土壤的扩散过程中均会对土壤DOC含量造成一定程度的削减,且在PYR/Cd复合污染中污染物的含量比值与DOC含量的降低速度呈反比例关系;PYR、Cd单一污染处理下,土壤微生物量和微生物菌落数均随着污染物含量的增加而降低;在PYR/Cd复合污染中,PYR/Cd比值大小与Rt呈负相关且其中Cd对微生物的抑制作用占有主导地位;此外本研究对显著相关的两组数据:PYR含量与稳定性、Cd含量与抵抗力构建了回归预测模型,其中二项式模型均可较好描述PYR、Cd胁迫下与上述稳定性参数的剂量-效应关系.     

桂西南土壤镉地质异常区水稻种植安全性评估

为评估镉地质异常区水稻种植的安全性,在广西西南地区采集自然土壤41件,稻田土壤479件,相应水稻样品432组,测定其Cd、Cu、Ni和Zn含量以及土壤基本理化性质.运用单因子污染指数法（P_i）对样品污染程度进行评价,运用相关性分析探究影响稻米中重金属含量的主要因子.结果表明：①稻田土壤pH为6.8;有机质含量为39.00 g·kg^-1;基于《土壤环境质量标准农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB 15618-2018）的风险筛选值,土壤中Cd、Cu、Ni和Zn超标率分别为60.75%、2.09%、0.83%和1.88%;②稻米Cd和Ni超标率分别为9.03%和4.39%,考虑秸秆作为饲料和有机肥原料,其Cd相应超标率分别为6.94%和1.16%.③相关性分析表明,土壤pH、有机质、重金属总量和有效态含量均是影响稻米中重金属含量的主要因子.研究区稻米Cd、Ni均存在一定超标现象,可通过种植低积累水稻品种等措施降低稻米中重金属含量.     

Scavenging of Cd through Fe/Mn oxides within natural surface coatings

The dynamics of Cd scavenging from solutions by Fe/Mn oxides in natural surface coatings （NSCs） was investigated under laboratory conditions. Selective extraction methods were employed to estimate the contributions of Fe/Mn oxides, where hydroxylamine hydrochloride （0.01 mol/L NH2OH-HCl ＋ 0.01 mol/L HNO3）, sodium dithionite （0.4 mol/L Na2S2O4） and nitric acid （10% HNO3） were used as extraction reagents. The Cd scavenging was accomplished with developing periods of the NSCs （totally 21 data sets）. The resulting process dynamics fitted well to the Elovich equation, demonstrating that the amount of Cd scavenged was proportional to the increments of Fe/Mn oxides that were accumulated in the NSCs. The amount of Cd bound to Fe oxides （MCdFe） and Mn oxides （MCdMn） could be quantified by solving two equations based on the properties of two extraction reagents. The amount of Cd scavenged by Fe/Mn oxides could also be estimated using MCdFe and MCdMn divided by the total amounts of Fe and Mn oxides in the NSCs, respectively. The results indicated that the Cd scavenging by Fe/Mn oxides was dominated by Fe oxides, with less roles attributed to Mn oxides. The estimated levels of Cd scavenging through Fe and Mn oxides agreed well with those predicted through additive-adsorption and linear-regression models.     

黑麦草-丛枝菌根对不同番茄品种抗氧化酶活性、镉积累及化学形态的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了重金属Cd(20 mg·kg-1)污染下,黑麦草-丛枝菌根对2个番茄品种生长、叶和根丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性、Cd积累及化学形态的影响.结果表明,番茄果实干重和植株总干重、叶和根抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量、植株各部位Cd含量及积累量在不同品种和处理间的差异达到显著性水平.黑麦草和丛枝菌根单一或复合修复显著提高了2个番茄品种的果实、根、茎、叶及总干重,降低了叶和根的MDA含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性.黑麦草和丛枝菌根单一或复合修复降低了2个番茄品种果实中Cd提取总量和各形态Cd含量,降幅分别为19.4%~52.4%、31.0%~75.2%、19.7%~59.1%、3.1%~48.2%、20.0%~65.0%、40.7%~100.0%和15.2%~50.0%.Cd主要积累在番茄的叶和茎,果实和根积累较少.黑麦草和丛枝菌根单一或复合修复不同程度降低了番茄果实、叶、茎和根中的Cd含量;减少了茎Cd积累量和植株全Cd量."Cd+黑麦草+丛枝菌根"处理还减少了2个番茄品种果实的Cd积累量,降幅分别为42.9%和43.7%.供试2个番茄品种,以"洛贝琪"对Cd的耐性和抗性较强,果实Cd含量和积累量及植株Cd总积累量则以"洛贝琪"<"德福mm-8".     

Experimental investigation of the effect of sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence, sediment supply conditions, and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied in this study both in batch reactors and in a turbulence simulation tank. By changing the agitation conditions, the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment. It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much less than that of suspended sediment, but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final (equilibrium) concentration of dissolved cadmium. This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern. In the turbulence simulation tank, the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions, and the turbulence intensity is quantified in terms of eddy diffusivity, which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency) and is comparable to natural surface water conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment, the adsorption rate is significantly low, and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of the experiment. This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in natural rivers. When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists, the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmium concentration in the tank noticeably increase, and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerably due to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results of the experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment, and in particular the adsorption rate, is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

金属涂层石墨管对生物样品中微量镉测定的影响

本文采用金属涂层石墨管,结合使用（ＮＨ４）２ＨＰＯ４为基体改进剂及自动雾化淀积进样技术,对生物样品Ｃｄ的测定进行研究。通过实验表明,Ｔａ,Ｚｒ,Ｗ,Ｌａ等金属涂层等可提高镉的测定灵敏度和精度,有很强的抗共存离子干扰的能力,并可降低背景吸收干扰。     

土壤镉污染防治对策的研究

本文概述了国内外土壤镉污染治理技术成果,比较了各种不同技术的使用条件及特点,并简要说明了其原理。针对天津市镉污染现状,对一些镉污染防治对策进行了研究,并提出可行性建议和措施。     

Bioconcentration and Phytotoxicity of Cd in Eichhornia crassipes

Plants of Eichhornia crassipes grown at various levels of cadmium ranging from 0.1 to 100 μg ml⁻¹ accumulated Cd in a concentration and duration dependent manner. At all levels, Cd accumulation by various plant tissues followed the order roots shoot leaves. Approximately 80% of total Cd was accumulated by plant at highest concentration (100 μg ml⁻¹) used in the experiment. Cadmium induced phytotoxicity appears at 25.0 μg ml⁻¹ resulting into reduced levels of chlorophyll, protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity of the plant. However, a slight induction of these physiological variables was obtained at lowest Cd (0.1 μg ml⁻¹) concentration. In contrast, carotenoid content increased at highest Cd concentration i.e., 100 μg ml⁻¹. Similar effects at low and high levels of Cd was obtained with respect to mitotic index and micronuclei in root meristem of the plant. It could be inferred that Cd toxicity in plant is differential depending upon the low and high concentration of Cd in the medium.     

沼泽红假单胞菌去除镉的实验研究

研究了驯化后的光合细菌沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)N菌株在不同条件下的生长和对重金属镉的去除效果.结果表明, 该菌株的最佳生长条件和对镉的去除条件为:pH=7.0,温度35 ℃,好氧黑暗,接种量12%.在最佳条件下,镉的去除率可达80%以上.在最佳去除条件下,模拟了N菌株去除镉的动力学方程.通过测定镉的去除与细菌生长曲线,表明镉的去除与菌体的生长相关.