Pesticides impact on Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus biofilm formation

The effect of various pesticides on the biofilm formation by the phytopathogenic bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Cms), the potato ring rot causative agent, was explored for the first time. Systemic herbicides: 2,4-D, diuron, glyphosate, clopyralid, fluorodifen, as well as the commercial preparations “Lazurite,” “Ridomil Gold,” and the mitochondria inhibiting pesticides analog, sodium monoiodoacetate, were studied. These pesticides' effect on the Cms biofilm formation was shown to be distinct and dependent on the agent under question. Cms biofilm formation was reduced when exposed to sodium monoiodoacetate, as well as “Lazurite” preparation, that could be due to the bactericidal effect of these agents. 2,4-D and “Ridomil Gold” preparation stimulated the biofilm formation. Systemic herbicides diuron, glyphosate, clopyralid, fluorodifen did not exert appreciable influence on the process of bacterial biofilm formation.     

Dose and frequency dependent effects of olive mill wastewater treatment on the chemical and microbial properties of soil

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a problematic by-product of olive oil production. While its high organic load and polyphenol concentrations are associated with troublesome environmental effects, its rich mineral and organic matter contents represent valuable nutrients. This study aimed to investigate the valorization of this waste biomass as a potential soil conditioner and fertilizer in agriculture. OMW was assayed at three doses 50, 100, and 200 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) over three successive years in olive fields. The effects of the effluent on the physico-chemical and microbial properties of soil-layers were assessed. The findings revealed that the pH of the soil decreased but electrical conductivity and organic matter, total nitrogen, sodium, and potassium soil contents increased in proportion with OMW concentration and frequency of application. While no variations were observed in phosphorus content, slow increases were recorded in calcium and magnesium soil contents. Compared to their control soil counterparts, aerobic bacteria and fungi increased in proportion with OMW spreading rates. The models expressing the correlation between progress parameters and OMW doses were fitted into a second degree polynomial model. Principal component analysis showed a strong correlation between soil mineral elements and microorganisms. These parameters were not related to phosphorus and pH.     

Respiration induced by substrate and bacteria diversity after application of diuron,hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl alone and in mixture

Abstract

After application, herbicides often reach the soil and affect non-target soil microorganisms, decreasing their population, diversity or affecting metabolic activity. Therefore, laboratory studies were performed to evaluate the effects of diuron, hexazinone and sulfometuron-methyl alone and mixed upon carbon transformation by soil microorganisms in clayey and sandy soils and the effect on bacterial diversity and structure. Control treatment without herbicide application was also performed. Sub-samples from the control and herbicide treatments (10?g – in triplicate) were collected before herbicide application and 7, 14, 28 and 42?days after treatment (DAT), then 1?mL of ¹⁴C-glucose solution was applied. The released ¹⁴CO₂ was trapped in 2?M NaOH solution and the radioactivity was analyzed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC), 12?h after glucose application. The effect of herbicides on bacterial diversity was evaluated by T-RFLP. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design. Hexazinone did not affect ¹⁴CO₂ evolution. Diuron showed a greater ¹⁴CO₂ evolution in sandy and clayey soil, while sulfometuron-methyl led to an increase in sandy soil, at 42 DAT. A greater evolution of carbon was observed in the treatment with herbicide mixture in sandy soil, compared with the same treatment in clayey soil or control. However, the herbicide mixture application did not affect the soil biological activity measured by the respiration rate induced by substrate. On the other hand, the herbicide mixtures affected the bacterial diversity in both soils, being the strongest effect to diuron and sulfometuron-methyl in clayey soil and hexazinone in sandy soil.     

基于qPCR和16S rDNA高通量测序研究蓝藻暴发期间太湖竺山湾水体浮游细菌群落

为了探究浮游细菌和蓝藻暴发之间的关系,利用实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术,对夏季蓝藻暴发期间太湖竺山湾表层水和底泥中浮游细菌群落结构和多样性进行研究。结果表明,从门水平来看,水样和底泥中平均相对丰度最高的为变形菌门,放线菌门次之,此外蓝藻门也有一定的比例,可为水华暴发提供预警指示;从属水平来看,水样中的优势细菌主要为GpXI和GpIIa,底泥中为Gp6和GpIIa。     

高效降氰菌群的构建及降解特性

从筛选到的降氰菌中构建出了优于单一菌种降氰活性的复配菌群CNR.研究了该复合菌群的生长条件,探讨了温度、pH、接种量、氰化物初始浓度及降解时间等因素对CNR降氰的影响.研究表明,复配菌群CNR适应碱性环境,可降解高浓度氰化物(CN-11 000 mg/L),并对金属氰化物和脂肪族腈具有极强的降解能力.在有氧、pH 11、33 ℃和接种量10%条件下.含CN-11 000 ng/L培养液经60 h降解后,CN-1浓度降为0.49 mg/L,降氰率高达99.96%,达到国家一级排放标准.     

宏基因组揭示紫色土中邻苯二甲酸酯去除的微生物学机制

邻苯二甲酸酯具有内分泌干扰特性,在环境中持久存在,其去除机制备受关注.为探究邻苯二甲酸酯在紫色农田土壤中的去除机制、关键微生物及功能基因,以邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）为目标污染物,分别设置含量为0、5、10和20 mg·kg^-1的单一污染土壤,避光培养90 d,利用宏基因组技术探究其去除的微生物生态学机制.结果表明,DBP和DEHP在土壤中的降解动态均符合一级动力学降解模型,半衰期介于17.0~38.2 d之间,5 mg·kg^-1的DBP降解速率最快,依次快于10 mg·kg^-1的DEHP、5 mg·kg^-1的DBP、5 mg·kg^-1的DEHP以及20 mg·kg^-1的DBP和DEHP.第7 d和15 d的土壤样品间细菌群落结构存在显著差异,放线菌门相对丰度随时间不断提升,且与DBP或DEHP半衰期呈反比.物种共现网络分析筛选出变形菌门的Pandoraea属为群落中的关键物种,可以用来指示DBP和DEHP污染程度.KEGG功能注释结果表明,Pandoraea在群落中负责酯键水解、苯甲酸降解、群体感应、ABC转运和双组分系统等功能,可以促进邻苯二甲酸酯上下游降解、细胞通讯和其它降解菌的生长繁殖,以此维持群落结构的稳定.由此可见,紫色土中,DBP和DEHP的去除效率取决于初始含量和自身性质,放线菌门的细菌在降解中扮演重要角色,Pandoraea在促进邻苯二甲酸酯降解和调节降解菌群结构和功能的稳定中均发挥关键作用.     

鄱阳湖湿地细菌群落多样性和可培养细菌功能基因丰度

鄱阳湖湿地中蕴含着丰富的微生物资源,参与并维持着湿地生态系统的物质循环和稳定.为探明鄱阳湖湿地土壤细菌分布规律,分析可培养细菌群落结构和功能特征,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析了鄱阳湖湿地土壤全部细菌（AW）和湿地外围周边土壤全部细菌（AS）群落结构多样性特征;又结合可培养方法和qPCR功能基因芯片技术,分析了湿地可培养细菌（CW）和湿地外围周边土壤可培养细菌（CS）功能基因丰度差异.研究发现鄱阳湖湿地土壤细菌多样性低于湿地外围周边土壤细菌,变形菌门和酸杆菌门是两种土壤环境中共有的细菌优势菌门,放线菌门、厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门和热脱硫杆菌门也是存在于两种土壤中的主要菌门,但相对丰度均差异显著;网络分析显示湿地土壤较周边土壤细菌网络结构更简单.采用可培养方法获得的不同采样点土壤细菌群落多样性差异不明显.但湿地土壤可培养细菌功能基因的拷贝数高于周边土壤,其中参与氮循环的UreC基因和参与碳固定的acsE基因在两种土壤可培养细菌中相对丰度较高.研究结果可为深入挖掘调控、维持湿地土壤养分循环和促进鄱阳湖湿地生态系统功能稳定性的潜在有益微生物提供理论依据.     

崇明岛种子植物区系及植被资源

崇明岛共有区系植物55科157属198种，区系组成复杂，地理成分多样，涵盖全部15个分布区类型，具有明显的热带-温带过渡性质，落叶树种占木本植物种类的90．5％，属于北亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林地带。群落外貌及属的相似性系数分析表明，崇明岛植物区系更接近江苏宜兴，而与临近的大金山岛和佘山差别略大。此外，岛上还有栽培植物和外来植物共235种，其中蔷薇科、菊科、禾本科、豆科、木犀科等科的种类较丰富，以加拿大一枝黄花、臭荠、刺果毛莨、一年蓬、空心莲子草、大米草、互花米草等对当地植被资源和生态系统的影响最大。崇明岛植物群落结构单一，缺乏灌木层，草本层多为广布杂草，其植被资源可以根据功能划分为江防海防林、湿地植被、道路绿化带、庭院景观林、游憩林、大田作物及经济林、水源涵养林等7大类，其中江防海防林及湿地植被是崇明岛植被生态系统的关键成分。提供了崇明岛新纪录野生及外来种子植物名录。     

DEVELOPMENT OF A BACTERIAL TRANSPORT MODEL FOR COARSE SOILS1

ABSTRACT: A bacterial transport model, developed to analyze bacterial translocation in coarse-grained soils, is presented. The complex governing equation is presented first, followed by analyses of each of the major processes influencing bacterial transport. These analyses suggest simplification of the governing equation is feasible when input data on specific processes are limited or unavailable. Model parameters, including bacterial die-off, bacterial distribution, input bacterial concentration, and saturated hydraulic conductivity, were randomly generated using a procedure known to produce either a normal or log-normal distribution of random numbers. Monte Carlo simulations were completed, and the resulting output was used to generate cumulative frequency distributions showing the probability of bacterial transport beyond various soil depths. Results from these simulations indicate that bacteria have a high probability of traveling through coarse-grained soils when low clay content and soil water temperatures limit bacterial retention and die-off.     

衡阳市鳙鱼、鲤鱼寄生蠕虫区系初步调查

2001年7～8月和2002年7～8月两次对衡阳市鳙鱼、鲤鱼蠕虫寄生的情况进行了调查，结果表明；在衡阳市鳙鱼、鲤鱼寄生的蠕虫共有8种，其中吸虫5种，绦虫1种，线虫2种，分属于3纲7科；衡阳市鳙鱼、鲤鱼蠕虫感染率较高，感染率分别为89％和86％，加强对该类疾病的防治非常重要．